Spurious correlation #5,206 · View random
A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is Air pollution in Union City, Tennessee and the second variable is Jet fuel used in Former Czechoslovakia. The chart goes from 1981 to 1992, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is Air pollution in Union City, Tennessee and the second variable is Jet fuel used in Former Czechoslovakia. The chart goes from 1981 to 1992, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

Download png, svg

AI explanation

The cleaner air in Union City imbued a sense of eco-friendliness in the atmosphere, leading to a worldwide movement for greener fuel options. This unexpected ripple effect reached former Czechoslovakia, prompting a switch to cleaner-burning jet fuel. It's a classic case of Tennessee wind of change influencing the skies of the past!

^{Show image generation prompt} Model: dalle-3
Prompt: [ A photo-realistic image ] Create a composite image that features a sweeping landscape of lush greenery in Union City, Tennessee. Show an assortment of eco-friendly initiatives such as rooftop gardens and electric car charging stations seamlessly integrated into the cityscape. In the foreground, capture the hustle and bustle of people engaging in sustainable practices. In the background, depict former Czechoslovakia with a fleet of sleek jets leaving behind clear, clean exhaust trails as they take off into the sky. The contrast between the verdant eco-friendly scene and the futuristic jets visually highlights the impact of the eco-friendly movement, illustrating how the modernization in Tennessee is transforming the skies of the past. The depiction should include only scenes, people, and objects, it should not include text or speech bubbles.

This image generation prompt was also generated by AI, using the following sequence:

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You select one of a few potential scene descriptors that seems to go along with the variables described. You respond only with the scene descriptions provided and say nothing else.
User prompt: Here are two variables: Air pollution in Union City, Tennessee and Jet fuel used in Former Czechoslovakia. Given these, which of the following image style descriptions seems most appropriate? Pick the one that seems to be related to one of the variables at hand. Please respond with only one of the following potential descriptions: Scalar art 3D Pixar Style Cybernetic art Psychedelic A photo-realistic image
ChatGPT: A photo-realistic image

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You describe simple visual scenes that depict the two variables stated. You combine both variables into one scene.
User prompt: Please describe a visual scene that prominently depicts both Air pollution in Union City, Tennessee and Jet fuel used in Former Czechoslovakia, in the following situation: The cleaner air in Union City imbued a sense of eco-friendliness in the atmosphere, leading to a worldwide movement for greener fuel options. This unexpected ripple effect reached former Czechoslovakia, prompting a switch to cleaner-burning jet fuel. It's a classic case of Tennessee wind of change influencing the skies of the past!. Keep the description simple.
ChatGPT: In Union City, Tennessee, the air is fresh and clear, with a vibrant green landscape stretching as far as the eye can see. Everywhere, people are actively participating in eco-friendly initiatives, from rooftop gardens to electric car charging stations. Meanwhile, in former Czechoslovakia, a fleet of sleek jets takes off into the sky, leaving behind a trail of clean, clear exhaust. The contrast between the two scenes highlights the impact of the eco-friendly movement, showing how the winds of change in Tennessee are revolutionizing the skies of the past.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You write and improve image generation prompts for DALLE-3. You maintain the same subjects, but enhance the visuals.
User prompt: Please respond with an image generation prompt that would be likely to create an interesting visual using DALLE-3, using the following style: [ A photo-realistic image ] and depicting this scene: In Union City, Tennessee, the air is fresh and clear, with a vibrant green landscape stretching as far as the eye can see. Everywhere, people are actively participating in eco-friendly initiatives, from rooftop gardens to electric car charging stations. Meanwhile, in former Czechoslovakia, a fleet of sleek jets takes off into the sky, leaving behind a trail of clean, clear exhaust. The contrast between the two scenes highlights the impact of the eco-friendly movement, showing how the winds of change in Tennessee are revolutionizing the skies of the past. Keep the visual depiction simple. Do not include any words or speech bubbles.
ChatGPT: [ A photo-realistic image ] Create a composite image that features a sweeping landscape of lush greenery in Union City, Tennessee. Show an assortment of eco-friendly initiatives such as rooftop gardens and electric car charging stations seamlessly integrated into the cityscape. In the foreground, capture the hustle and bustle of people engaging in sustainable practices. In the background, depict former Czechoslovakia with a fleet of sleek jets leaving behind clear, clean exhaust trails as they take off into the sky. The contrast between the verdant eco-friendly scene and the futuristic jets visually highlights the impact of the eco-friendly movement, illustrating how the modernization in Tennessee is transforming the skies of the past.

*Variations in the User Prompts from chart to chart are just the result of random number generation in Python. I wrote a few arrays of various styles and methods to ask questions to change up the results. Every time this site writes an explanation or generates an image, the script picks from each at random.

I sequence the requests into multiple prompts because I find GPT 3.5 to perform much better with short, well-managed contexts. Thus, I track the context directly in Python and only ask ChatGPT targeted questions.
^{Show prompt for explanation} Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106 (fine-tuned)
System prompt: You provide humorous responses in the form of plausible sounding explanations for correlations. You assume the correlation is causative for the purpose of the explanation even if it is ridiculous. You do not chat with the user, you only reply with the causal connection explanation and nothing else.
User prompt: Please make up a funny explanation for how a decrease in Air pollution in Union City, Tennessee caused Jet fuel used in Former Czechoslovakia to decrease.

AI academic paper

(Because p < 0.01)

Jet Fuel from the Czech and Air Pollution's Effect: A Rhyming Relationship?

The Journal of Avian Aerodynamics and Environmental Poetry

Jan 2024

Reminder: This paper is AI-generated. Not real!

^{Show prompt used to generate this paper} Quick note: This sequence is long and repetitive. That's how the prompt engineering works for this one. I manage the output in Python to format it into this PDF.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft a literature review section of an academic research paper, that starts out dry for the first few sentences but then becomes hilarious and goofy.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a literature review section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Union City, Tennessee and Jet fuel used in Former Czechoslovakia. Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Speak in the present tense for this section (the authors find...), as is common in academic research paper literature reviews. Name the sources in a format similar to this: In "Book," the authors find lorem and ipsum.

Make up the lorem and ipsum part, but make it sound related to the topic at hand.

Start by naming serious-sounding studies by authors like Smith, Doe, and Jones - but then quickly devolve. Name some real non-fiction books that would be related to the topic. Then name some real fiction books that sound like they could be related. Then name a couple popular internet memes that are related to one of the topics.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
Jet Fuel from the Czech and Air Pollution's Effect: A Rhyming Relationship?

[[ABSTRACT]]
This study delves into the peculiar and unexpected connection between jet fuel consumption in former Czechoslovakia and air pollution levels in Union City, Tennessee. We attempt to untangle this seemingly unrelated pair through rigorous statistical analysis and data interpretation. Using information from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration, our research team was curious if we could jet-set a correlation between these two disparate entities.

Our findings revealed a striking correlation coefficient of 0.8489380 and p < 0.01 for the period from 1981 to 1992, leading us to ponder whether there's more than just hot air between these distant locations. This research not only aims to uncover the hidden links lurking in the clouds of data, but also to provide a lighthearted take on the unexpected ways in which the world around us intertwines. Join us as we navigate the skies of statistical analysis to unravel the playful puzzle of jet fuel and air pollution.

-------

And here is the introduction section that led to this literature review:
[[INTRODUCTION]]
Jet fuel and air pollution may seem as unlikely a pair as spaghetti and meatballs, but our research aims to unravel the interconnectedness between these two seemingly disparate entities. Like detectives solving a mystery, we sought to untangle the web of data to determine if there's more to this relationship than meets the eye, or should I say, the sky?
The juxtaposition of former Czechoslovakia and Union City, Tennessee in this investigation might raise eyebrows, almost like a pair of mismatched socks. However, as researchers, we are always on the lookout for unexpected connections, much like discovering a pineapple on a pizza – unconventional, yet oddly intriguing.
As we delve into the depths of statistical analysis and data interpretation, we couldn’t help but wonder if there's a rhyme or reason to the correlation between jet fuel consumption in the former Czechoslovakia and air pollution levels in Union City, Tennessee. Could it be that these two seemingly unrelated variables are actually engaged in a clandestine dance, much like a tango between carbon emissions and atmospheric haze?
Our study spans the years from 1981 to 1992, a period when the world saw significant changes in air quality regulations, international relations, and perhaps even the skies. Think of it as a journey back in time through the jet streams of historical data, where we aim to separate fact from mere conjecture.
Buckle up, dear reader, as we take flight into the realm of correlation coefficients, hypothesis testing, and the peculiar interplay between jet fuel and air pollution. Our endeavor promises not only scientific discovery, but also a touch of whimsy as we uncover the unexpected bond between these curious bedfellows. So, fasten your seatbelts and prepare for an academic adventure that will leave you soaring with newfound insights and, dare I say, a few chuckles along the way.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

ChatGPT:
[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

The academic investigation into the interplay of jet fuel from the Czech and its correlation to air pollution in Union City, Tennessee, is akin to exploring a cosmic ballet of zany serendipity, where the unlikely partners tap dance through the data with finesse and flair. As we delve into the scholarly abyss, we stumble upon the writings of esteemed researchers such as Smith, Doe, and Jones, whose work echoes the melodic hum of statistical analyses and environmental dynamics.

In "Airborne Antics: A Comparative Analysis of Carbon Emissions in Distant Lands," Smith et al. delves into the curious dance of various airborne pollutants, shedding light on the enigmatic relationship between distant locales. Meanwhile, Doe et al. in "Fueling the Skies: A Global Perspective on Jet Propulsion" imbibes in the aeronautical wonder of jet fuel consumption, unraveling the mysteries of its reach and impact. The sage wisdom of Jones et al. in "Cloudy Connections: Atmospheric Dynamics and Localized Pollution" provides a poignant reminder of the atmospheric intricacies at play, guiding our gaze to the ethereal interconnections that transcend borders and boundaries.

Beyond the solemn realm of academic scrutiny, the literary landscape, too, offers glimpses of this whimsical connection. "Wings of Fate: A Tale of Polluted Horizons" by A. Reader, though a work of fictional prose, tiptoes into the narrative of environmental intertwining, casting a fantastical spotlight on the clandestine rapport between distant lands and their atmospheric burdens. Similarly, "A Sky Full of Contrails: Mysteries Unveiled" by N. Bull evokes an ethereal charm, inviting readers to ponder the celestial waltz of pollutants and propulsion, albeit in a more fanciful guise.

And lo and behold, as we navigate the corridors of digital amusement, the embodiment of cultural zeitgeist emerges in the form of internet memes. The ubiquitous "Hide the Pain Harold," with his wry smile and veiled agony, reflects the dichotomy of environmental progress and the lingering discomfort of air pollution woes. Additionally, the venerable "Woman Yelling at a Cat" meme captures the essence of discordance – much like the tumultuous relationship between jet fuel and air pollution – in a comical yet pensive manner.

In this multidimensional tapestry of scholarly discourse, literary musings, and digital colloquy, we find ourselves at the crossroads of academic rigor and quirky reverie, painting a vibrant tableau of the unexpected kinship between jet fuel and air pollution. As the data beckon us forth like a cosmic riddle, we embark on this whimsical odyssey with fervor, fully aware that beneath the veneer of scientific endeavor, an undercurrent of levity and curiosity awaits.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the discussion section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the discussion section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Union City, Tennessee and Jet fuel used in Former Czechoslovakia. Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Stay serious and dry most of the time, but then occasionally let your wit shine through.

Limit your response to 500 tokens.

Here are the title, abstract, literature review, and results sections. Please harken back to 1-2 of the goofy items in the literature review, but pretend to take them completely seriously. Discuss how your results supported the prior research.

Do not write a conclusion. I will add a conclusion after this.

[[TITLE]]
Jet Fuel from the Czech and Air Pollution's Effect: A Rhyming Relationship?

[[ABSTRACT]]
This study delves into the peculiar and unexpected connection between jet fuel consumption in former Czechoslovakia and air pollution levels in Union City, Tennessee. We attempt to untangle this seemingly unrelated pair through rigorous statistical analysis and data interpretation. Using information from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration, our research team was curious if we could jet-set a correlation between these two disparate entities.

Our findings revealed a striking correlation coefficient of 0.8489380 and p < 0.01 for the period from 1981 to 1992, leading us to ponder whether there's more than just hot air between these distant locations. This research not only aims to uncover the hidden links lurking in the clouds of data, but also to provide a lighthearted take on the unexpected ways in which the world around us intertwines. Join us as we navigate the skies of statistical analysis to unravel the playful puzzle of jet fuel and air pollution.

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]
The academic investigation into the interplay of jet fuel from the Czech and its correlation to air pollution in Union City, Tennessee, is akin to exploring a cosmic ballet of zany serendipity, where the unlikely partners tap dance through the data with finesse and flair. As we delve into the scholarly abyss, we stumble upon the writings of esteemed researchers such as Smith, Doe, and Jones, whose work echoes the melodic hum of statistical analyses and environmental dynamics.
In "Airborne Antics: A Comparative Analysis of Carbon Emissions in Distant Lands," Smith et al. delves into the curious dance of various airborne pollutants, shedding light on the enigmatic relationship between distant locales. Meanwhile, Doe et al. in "Fueling the Skies: A Global Perspective on Jet Propulsion" imbibes in the aeronautical wonder of jet fuel consumption, unraveling the mysteries of its reach and impact. The sage wisdom of Jones et al. in "Cloudy Connections: Atmospheric Dynamics and Localized Pollution" provides a poignant reminder of the atmospheric intricacies at play, guiding our gaze to the ethereal interconnections that transcend borders and boundaries.
Beyond the solemn realm of academic scrutiny, the literary landscape, too, offers glimpses of this whimsical connection. "Wings of Fate: A Tale of Polluted Horizons" by A. Reader, though a work of fictional prose, tiptoes into the narrative of environmental intertwining, casting a fantastical spotlight on the clandestine rapport between distant lands and their atmospheric burdens. Similarly, "A Sky Full of Contrails: Mysteries Unveiled" by N. Bull evokes an ethereal charm, inviting readers to ponder the celestial waltz of pollutants and propulsion, albeit in a more fanciful guise.
And lo and behold, as we navigate the corridors of digital amusement, the embodiment of cultural zeitgeist emerges in the form of internet memes. The ubiquitous "Hide the Pain Harold," with his wry smile and veiled agony, reflects the dichotomy of environmental progress and the lingering discomfort of air pollution woes. Additionally, the venerable "Woman Yelling at a Cat" meme captures the essence of discordance – much like the tumultuous relationship between jet fuel and air pollution – in a comical yet pensive manner.
In this multidimensional tapestry of scholarly discourse, literary musings, and digital colloquy, we find ourselves at the crossroads of academic rigor and quirky reverie, painting a vibrant tableau of the unexpected kinship between jet fuel and air pollution. As the data beckon us forth like a cosmic riddle, we embark on this whimsical odyssey with fervor, fully aware that beneath the veneer of scientific endeavor, an undercurrent of levity and curiosity awaits.

[[RESULTS]]
The results of our statistical analysis revealed a remarkably strong correlation between jet fuel consumption in former Czechoslovakia and air pollution levels in Union City, Tennessee during the period from 1981 to 1992. The correlation coefficient of 0.8489380 indicates a robust association, which quite frankly took our breath away – though not in the same way as the air pollution did.
Our findings also yielded an r-squared value of 0.7206957, suggesting that approximately 72.07% of the variation in air pollution levels in Union City, Tennessee can be explained by the variation in jet fuel consumption in former Czechoslovakia. It's almost as if the jet fuel and air pollution were in cahoots, engaging in a coordinated dance of environmental impact across continents.
The p-value of less than 0.01 further underscores the substantial statistical significance of this relationship, leaving us with little room to dismiss our findings as mere statistical flukes. The probability of observing such a strong correlation purely by chance is less likely than finding a four-leaf clover in a field of statistical hypotheses – it simply doesn't happen every day.
In Fig. 1, our scatterplot vividly illustrates the pronounced connection between the two variables, almost as if the data points were holding hands and skipping across the graph in joyful unison. This visual representation of the correlation is a compelling testament to the unexpected relationship we uncovered, proving that sometimes truth is stranger than fiction, or in this case, more surprising than a flight delay.
In summary, our analysis not only established a convincing correlation between jet fuel consumption in former Czechoslovakia and air pollution levels in Union City, Tennessee, but also highlighted the tantalizing interplay between seemingly unrelated phenomena. As we wrap up this section, we invite our readers to marvel at the captivating dance between jet fuel and air pollution, and to consider the ripple effects of our findings on the broader tapestry of environmental research.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[DISCUSSION]]

ChatGPT:

[[DISCUSSION]]

In our investigation into the peculiar yet compelling correlation between jet fuel consumption in former Czechoslovakia and air pollution levels in Union City, Tennessee, we were initially struck by the seemingly whimsical nature of this association. However, our findings support and extend the existing literature in surprising ways, demonstrating that beneath the veneer of statistical analysis lies a playful and interconnected world of environmental dynamics.

The results of our study align with the prior work of Smith, Doe, and Jones, who hinted at the cosmic ballet of statistical relationships among airborne pollutants and the enigmatic rapport between distant locales. While their scholarly endeavors may have lacked the comedic infusion we bring to the table, our findings add a lighthearted twist to the saga of jet fuel and air pollution, shedding light on the fact that truth can indeed be stranger than fiction, especially in the realm of statistical analysis.

The r-squared value of 0.7206957 that we unearthed echoes the sentiments of Smith, Doe, and Jones, emphasizing the substantial explanatory prowess of jet fuel consumption in former Czechoslovakia on air pollution levels in Union City, Tennessee. This shared appreciation for intercontinental antics of environmental variables only serves to elevate our research into the annals of quirky scholarly discourse.

Moreover, the striking correlation coefficient of 0.8489380 that emerged from our data echoes the melodic hum of statistical analyses and environmental dynamics documented by esteemed researchers, albeit with a whimsical flair. This robust association can be seen as a testament to the power of the unexpected in scientific inquiry, reaffirming that sometimes, the most peculiar connections yield the most compelling insights.

In light of our findings, it becomes clear that the dance of statistical significance and scholarly intrigue is not bound by conventional norms, but rather intertwined with the fabric of unexpected reverie. As we navigate the skies of statistical analysis to unravel the playful puzzle of jet fuel and air pollution, we invite our readers to indulge in the whimsical odyssey of statistical discovery, where serendipity and scientific rigor intertwine in delightful harmony.

In the grand tapestry of scholarly discourse, where levity and curiosity await, our results stand as a testament to the unexpected kinship between jet fuel and air pollution. As the data beckon us forth like a cosmic riddle, we remain committed to infusing academic rigor with a touch of whimsy, demonstrating that even the most peculiar correlations can yield valuable insights – and perhaps the occasional chuckle or two.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the discussion section of goofy academic research papers that sounds like it belongs based on the title and abstract provided.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a short conclusion of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Union City, Tennessee and Jet fuel used in Former Czechoslovakia. Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Stay serious and dry most of the time, but then occasionally let your wit shine through.

Limit your response to 300 tokens. At the very end, assert that no more research is needed in this area.

Here are the title, abstract, introduction, and results sections.
[[TITLE]]
Jet Fuel from the Czech and Air Pollution's Effect: A Rhyming Relationship?

[[ABSTRACT]]
This study delves into the peculiar and unexpected connection between jet fuel consumption in former Czechoslovakia and air pollution levels in Union City, Tennessee. We attempt to untangle this seemingly unrelated pair through rigorous statistical analysis and data interpretation. Using information from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration, our research team was curious if we could jet-set a correlation between these two disparate entities.

Our findings revealed a striking correlation coefficient of 0.8489380 and p < 0.01 for the period from 1981 to 1992, leading us to ponder whether there's more than just hot air between these distant locations. This research not only aims to uncover the hidden links lurking in the clouds of data, but also to provide a lighthearted take on the unexpected ways in which the world around us intertwines. Join us as we navigate the skies of statistical analysis to unravel the playful puzzle of jet fuel and air pollution.

[[INTRDUCTION]]
Jet fuel and air pollution may seem as unlikely a pair as spaghetti and meatballs, but our research aims to unravel the interconnectedness between these two seemingly disparate entities. Like detectives solving a mystery, we sought to untangle the web of data to determine if there's more to this relationship than meets the eye, or should I say, the sky?
The juxtaposition of former Czechoslovakia and Union City, Tennessee in this investigation might raise eyebrows, almost like a pair of mismatched socks. However, as researchers, we are always on the lookout for unexpected connections, much like discovering a pineapple on a pizza – unconventional, yet oddly intriguing.
As we delve into the depths of statistical analysis and data interpretation, we couldn’t help but wonder if there's a rhyme or reason to the correlation between jet fuel consumption in the former Czechoslovakia and air pollution levels in Union City, Tennessee. Could it be that these two seemingly unrelated variables are actually engaged in a clandestine dance, much like a tango between carbon emissions and atmospheric haze?
Our study spans the years from 1981 to 1992, a period when the world saw significant changes in air quality regulations, international relations, and perhaps even the skies. Think of it as a journey back in time through the jet streams of historical data, where we aim to separate fact from mere conjecture.
Buckle up, dear reader, as we take flight into the realm of correlation coefficients, hypothesis testing, and the peculiar interplay between jet fuel and air pollution. Our endeavor promises not only scientific discovery, but also a touch of whimsy as we uncover the unexpected bond between these curious bedfellows. So, fasten your seatbelts and prepare for an academic adventure that will leave you soaring with newfound insights and, dare I say, a few chuckles along the way.

[[RESULTS]]
The results of our statistical analysis revealed a remarkably strong correlation between jet fuel consumption in former Czechoslovakia and air pollution levels in Union City, Tennessee during the period from 1981 to 1992. The correlation coefficient of 0.8489380 indicates a robust association, which quite frankly took our breath away – though not in the same way as the air pollution did.
Our findings also yielded an r-squared value of 0.7206957, suggesting that approximately 72.07% of the variation in air pollution levels in Union City, Tennessee can be explained by the variation in jet fuel consumption in former Czechoslovakia. It's almost as if the jet fuel and air pollution were in cahoots, engaging in a coordinated dance of environmental impact across continents.
The p-value of less than 0.01 further underscores the substantial statistical significance of this relationship, leaving us with little room to dismiss our findings as mere statistical flukes. The probability of observing such a strong correlation purely by chance is less likely than finding a four-leaf clover in a field of statistical hypotheses – it simply doesn't happen every day.
In Fig. 1, our scatterplot vividly illustrates the pronounced connection between the two variables, almost as if the data points were holding hands and skipping across the graph in joyful unison. This visual representation of the correlation is a compelling testament to the unexpected relationship we uncovered, proving that sometimes truth is stranger than fiction, or in this case, more surprising than a flight delay.
In summary, our analysis not only established a convincing correlation between jet fuel consumption in former Czechoslovakia and air pollution levels in Union City, Tennessee, but also highlighted the tantalizing interplay between seemingly unrelated phenomena. As we wrap up this section, we invite our readers to marvel at the captivating dance between jet fuel and air pollution, and to consider the ripple effects of our findings on the broader tapestry of environmental research.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[CONCLUSION]]

ChatGPT:

[[CONCLUSION]]

In conclusion, our investigation has taken us on a soaring journey through the skies of statistical analysis and data interpretation, as we unraveled the peculiar and unexpected bond between jet fuel consumption in former Czechoslovakia and air pollution levels in Union City, Tennessee. The robust correlation coefficient of 0.8489380 and an r-squared value of 0.7206957 left us feeling like we'd just witnessed an exhilarating airshow – complete with barrel rolls and loop-de-loops of statistical significance.

Our findings suggest that these seemingly unrelated variables may indeed be engaged in a clandestine tango across continents, leaving us to ponder whether there's more than just hot air between them, perhaps a touch of jet-set romance in the air. The p-value of less than 0.01 further cemented the substantial statistical significance of this relationship, emphasizing that the probability of such a strong correlation occurring purely by chance is about as likely as stumbling upon a unicorn in a zoo – it just doesn't happen every day.

As we reflect on the whimsical juxtaposition of former Czechoslovakia and Union City, Tennessee in this study, we couldn't help but marvel at the unexpected ways in which the world around us intertwines, much like stumbling upon a jazz band at a heavy metal concert – an unlikely pairing, yet oddly captivating. Our scatterplot vividly painted a picture of the pronounced connection between jet fuel consumption and air pollution levels, as if the data points were performing an intricate pas de deux across the graph, a dance of environmental impact that transcended borders and boundaries.

In light of these findings, we assert that no further research is needed in this area. The results of our study not only offer valuable insights into the tangled relationship between jet fuel and air pollution but also remind us that in the realm of scientific inquiry, truth can be as surprising as finding a penguin in the desert – unexpected, yet undeniably delightful.

In the words of the great Leonardo da Vinci, "Once you have tasted flight, you will forever walk the earth with your eyes turned skyward, for there you have been, and there you will always long to return." Our journey through the skies of empirical discovery, lighthearted analyses, and newfound insights may have come to an end, but the playful puzzle of jet fuel and air pollution will continue to inspire curiosity and wonder, much like a rare bird sighting in a concrete jungle.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of academic journals. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding research, scientific, or academic journal that would publish a paper entited Jet Fuel from the Czech and Air Pollution's Effect: A Rhyming Relationship?. Respond only with the name of a fictional academic journal.

ChatGPT:

The Journal of Avian Aerodynamics and Environmental Poetry

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of nonprofit research organizations and associations. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding nonprofit, academic, or scientific association or organization that would sponsor research that resulted in a paper entited Jet Fuel from the Czech and Air Pollution's Effect: A Rhyming Relationship?. Respond only with the name of a fictional organization.

ChatGPT:

The Society for Innovative Energy Research and Analysis

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide potential search keywords separated by commas. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide potential search keywords for a paper titled Jet Fuel from the Czech and Air Pollution's Effect: A Rhyming Relationship? with an abstract of This study delves into the peculiar and unexpected connection between jet fuel consumption in former Czechoslovakia and air pollution levels in Union City, Tennessee. We attempt to untangle this seemingly unrelated pair through rigorous statistical analysis and data interpretation. Using information from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration, our research team was curious if we could jet-set a correlation between these two disparate entities.
Our findings revealed a striking correlation coefficient of 0.8489380 and p < 0.01 for the period from 1981 to 1992, leading us to ponder whether there's more than just hot air between these distant locations. This research not only aims to uncover the hidden links lurking in the clouds of data, but also to provide a lighthearted take on the unexpected ways in which the world around us intertwines. Join us as we navigate the skies of statistical analysis to unravel the playful puzzle of jet fuel and air pollution.

ChatGPT:

jet fuel, Czechoslovakia, air pollution, Union City, Tennessee, statistical analysis, correlation coefficient, Environmental Protection Agency, Energy Information Administration, data interpretation, air pollution levels

*There is a bunch of Python happening behind the scenes to turn this prompt sequence into a PDF.

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Data details

Air pollution in Union City, Tennessee
Detailed data title: Percentage of days with moderate or worse air quality in Union City, TN-KY
Source: Environmental Protection Agency
See what else correlates with Air pollution in Union City, Tennessee

Jet fuel used in Former Czechoslovakia
Detailed data title: Volume of jet fuel used consumed in Former Czechoslovakia in millions of barrels per day
Source: Energy Information Administration
See what else correlates with Jet fuel used in Former Czechoslovakia

Correlation r = 0.8489380 (Pearson correlation coefficient)
Correlation is a measure of how much the variables move together. If it is 0.99, when one goes up the other goes up. If it is 0.02, the connection is very weak or non-existent. If it is -0.99, then when one goes up the other goes down. If it is 1.00, you probably messed up your correlation function.

r² = 0.7206957 (Coefficient of determination)
This means 72.1% of the change in the one variable (i.e., Jet fuel used in Former Czechoslovakia) is predictable based on the change in the other (i.e., Air pollution in Union City, Tennessee) over the 12 years from 1981 through 1992.

p < 0.01, which is statistically significant(Null hypothesis significance test)
The p-value is 0.00048.^Show 0.0004780030888098846400000000
The p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme.^Note More specifically the p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme if we had only tested one pair of variables one time.

But I am a p-villain. I absolutely did not test only one pair of variables one time. I correlated hundreds of millions of pairs of variables. I threw boatloads of data into an industrial-sized blender to find this correlation.

Who is going to stop me? p-value reporting doesn't require me to report how many calculations I had to go through in order to find a low p-value!
On average, you will find a correaltion as strong as 0.85 in 0.048% of random cases. Said differently, if you correlated 2,092 random variables^Note Which I absolutely did.
with the same 11 degrees of freedom, ^Note Degrees of freedom is a measure of how many free components we are testing. In this case it is 11 because we have two variables measured over a period of 12 years. It's just the number of years minus ( the number of variables minus one ), which in this case simplifies to the number of years minus one.
you would randomly expect to find a correlation as strong as this one.

[ 0.54, 0.96 ] 95% correlation confidence interval (using the Fisher z-transformation)
^{Read more about the confidence interval} The confidence interval is an estimate the range of the value of the correlation coefficient, using the correlation itself as an input. The values are meant to be the low and high end of the correlation coefficient with 95% confidence.

This one is a bit more complciated than the other calculations, but I include it because many people have been pushing for confidence intervals instead of p-value calculations (for example: NEJM. However, if you are dredging data, you can reliably find yourself in the 5%. That's my goal!

All values for the years included above: ^Note If I were being very sneaky, I could trim years from the beginning or end of the datasets to increase the correlation on some pairs of variables. I don't do that because there are already plenty of correlations in my database without monkeying with the years.

Still, sometimes one of the variables has more years of data available than the other. This page only shows the overlapping years. To see all the years, click on "See what else correlates with..." link above.

	1981	1982	1983	1984	1985	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992
Air pollution in Union City, Tennessee (Bad air quality days)	0.271186	0.47	0.547619	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Jet fuel used in Former Czechoslovakia (Million Barrels/Day)	11	8	9	3.314	3.2	3.455	4.293	3.855	4.896	3.649	3.003	3.462

Why this works

Data dredging: I have 25,153 variables in my database. I compare all these variables against each other to find ones that randomly match up. That's 632,673,409 correlation calculations! This is called “data dredging.” Instead of starting with a hypothesis and testing it, I instead abused the data to see what correlations shake out. It’s a dangerous way to go about analysis, because any sufficiently large dataset will yield strong correlations completely at random.
Lack of causal connection: There is probably^Note Because these pages are automatically generated, it's possible that the two variables you are viewing are in fact causually related. I take steps to prevent the obvious ones from showing on the site (I don't let data about the weather in one city correlate with the weather in a neighboring city, for example), but sometimes they still pop up. If they are related, cool! You found a loophole.
no direct connection between these variables, despite what the AI says above. This is exacerbated by the fact that I used "Years" as the base variable. Lots of things happen in a year that are not related to each other! Most studies would use something like "one person" in stead of "one year" to be the "thing" studied.
Observations not independent: For many variables, sequential years are not independent of each other. If a population of people is continuously doing something every day, there is no reason to think they would suddenly change how they are doing that thing on January 1. A simple^Note Personally I don't find any p-value calculation to be 'simple,' but you know what I mean.
p-value calculation does not take this into account, so mathematically it appears less probable than it really is.

Try it yourself

You can calculate the values on this page on your own! Try running the Python code to see the calculation results. ^{Show the steps to do this.} Step 1: Download and install Python on your computer.

Step 2: Open a plaintext editor like Notepad and paste the code below into it.

Step 3: Save the file as "calculate_correlation.py" in a place you will remember, like your desktop. Copy the file location to your clipboard. On Windows, you can right-click the file and click "Properties," and then copy what comes after "Location:" As an example, on my computer the location is "C:\Users\tyler\Desktop"

Step 4: Open a command line window. For example, by pressing start and typing "cmd" and them pressing enter.

Step 5: Install the required modules by typing "pip install numpy", then pressing enter, then typing "pip install scipy", then pressing enter.

Step 6: Navigate to the location where you saved the Python file by using the "cd" command. For example, I would type "cd C:\Users\tyler\Desktop" and push enter.

Step 7: Run the Python script by typing "python calculate_correlation.py"

If you run into any issues, I suggest asking ChatGPT to walk you through installing Python and running the code below on your system. Try this question:

"Walk me through installing Python on my computer to run a script that uses scipy and numpy. Go step-by-step and ask me to confirm before moving on. Start by asking me questions about my operating system so that you know how to proceed. Assume I want the simplest installation with the latest version of Python and that I do not currently have any of the necessary elements installed. Remember to only give me one step per response and confirm I have done it before proceeding."

# These modules make it easier to perform the calculation
import numpy as np
from scipy import stats

# We'll define a function that we can call to return the correlation calculations
def calculate_correlation(array1, array2):

    # Calculate Pearson correlation coefficient and p-value
    correlation, p_value = stats.pearsonr(array1, array2)

    # Calculate R-squared as the square of the correlation coefficient
    r_squared = correlation**2

    return correlation, r_squared, p_value

# These are the arrays for the variables shown on this page, but you can modify them to be any two sets of numbers
array_1 = np.array([0.271186,0.47,0.547619,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,])
array_2 = np.array([11,8,9,3.314,3.2,3.455,4.293,3.855,4.896,3.649,3.003,3.462,])
array_1_name = "Air pollution in Union City, Tennessee"
array_2_name = "Jet fuel used in Former Czechoslovakia"

# Perform the calculation
print(f"Calculating the correlation between {array_1_name} and {array_2_name}...")
correlation, r_squared, p_value = calculate_correlation(array_1, array_2)

# Print the results
print("Correlation Coefficient:", correlation)
print("R-squared:", r_squared)
print("P-value:", p_value)

Reuseable content

You may re-use the images on this page for any purpose, even commercial purposes, without asking for permission. The only requirement is that you attribute Tyler Vigen. ^Note Attribution can take many different forms. If you leave the "tylervigen.com" link in the image, that satisfies it just fine. If you remove it and move it to a footnote, that's fine too. You can also just write "Charts courtesy of Tyler Vigen" at the bottom of an article.

You do not need to attribute "the spurious correlations website," and you don't even need to link here if you don't want to. I don't gain anything from pageviews. There are no ads on this site, there is nothing for sale, and I am not for hire.

For the record, I am just one person. Tyler Vigen, he/him/his. I do have degrees, but they should not go after my name unless you want to annoy my wife. If that is your goal, then go ahead and cite me as "Tyler Vigen, A.A. A.A.S. B.A. J.D." Otherwise it is just "Tyler Vigen."

When spoken, my last name is pronounced "vegan," like I don't eat meat.

Full license details.
For more on re-use permissions, or to get a signed release form, see tylervigen.com/permission.

Download images for these variables:

High resolution line chart ^Note The image linked here is a Scalable Vector Graphic (SVG). It is the highest resolution that is possible to achieve. It scales up beyond the size of the observable universe without pixelating. You do not need to email me asking if I have a higher resolution image. I do not. The physical limitations of our universe prevent me from providing you with an image that is any higher resolution than this one.

If you insert it into a PowerPoint presentation (a tool well-known for managing things that are the scale of the universe), you can right-click > "Ungroup" or "Create Shape" and then edit the lines and text directly. You can also change the colors this way.

Alternatively you can use a tool like Inkscape.
High resolution line chart, optimized for mobile
Alternative high resolution line chart
Scatterplot
Portable line chart (png)
Portable line chart (png), optimized for mobile
Line chart for only Air pollution in Union City, Tennessee
Line chart for only Jet fuel used in Former Czechoslovakia
AI-generated correlation image
The spurious research paper: Jet Fuel from the Czech and Air Pollution's Effect: A Rhyming Relationship?

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Correlation ID: 5206 · Black Variable ID: 21595 · Red Variable ID: 24421


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