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Spurious correlation #1,186 · View random

A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is American cheese consumption and the second variable is Global Puma Sales.  The chart goes from 2006 to 2021, and the two variables track closely in value over that time. Small Image
Download png
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AI explanation

As American cheese consumption increased, more individuals experienced cheese-induced dreams where they were being chased by giant pumas. This led to a heightened awareness and subconscious desire for puma-related products, ultimately boosting global puma sales. The dreams, filled with suspense and cheddar, created a sharp increase in demand for the sleek and agile puma merchandise. Remember, you’re not dreaming – it's a gouda time to be in the puma business! However, there is no actual way that American cheese consumption could cause an increase in global puma sales.

Model: dalle-3
Prompt: Generate a pop art style image of a vibrant outdoor grill scene. In the foreground, showcase sizzling burgers with melted American cheese and loaded nachos topped with gooey cheese on an adjacent table. Happy customers are seen enjoying these cheesy delights, feeling "extra cheesy" as they take bites. Next to the food, display vibrant Puma sneakers catching people's attention. Show customers feeling "pumped" up by the combination of cheesy goodness and the appealing sneakers, leading them to make the decision to pounce on the latest footwear styles. Emphasize the connection between the increase in American cheese consumption and the rise in global Puma sales through vivid and energetic colors and style reminiscent of pop art. The depiction should include only scenes, people, and objects, it should not include text or speech bubbles.
This image generation prompt was also generated by AI, using the following sequence:

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You select one of a few potential scene descriptors that seems to go along with the situation described. You respond only with the scene descriptions provided and say nothing else.
User prompt: Here is a situation: The increase in American cheese consumption caused global Puma sales to also increase because consumers were feeling extra cheesy and wanted to add some "sole" to their meals. As the cheesy goodness melted over burgers and nachos, people couldn't help but feel more "pumped" up and ready to pounce on the latest Puma footwear. Plus, the "cheesy" marketing tactics of Puma, combined with their "gouda" reputation for stylish and comfortable shoes, made them the "big cheese" in the footwear industry. So, as folks indulged in their love for American cheese, their cravings for Puma sneakers also skyrocketed, leading to a "grate" boost in sales for the brand.. Given that situation, which of the following image descriptions seems most appropriate? Pick the one that seems to be related to one of the variables at hand and the tone of the explanation. Please respond with only one of the following potential descriptions: Vaporwave Cutsy art illustration Pop art Steampunk Celtic art
ChatGPT: Pop art

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You describe simple visual scenes that depict the two variables stated and the explanation described. Do not reference graphs or charts; describe physical objects.
User prompt: Please describe a visual scene that depicts the following situation. Keep the description simple. The increase in American cheese consumption caused global Puma sales to also increase because consumers were feeling extra cheesy and wanted to add some "sole" to their meals. As the cheesy goodness melted over burgers and nachos, people couldn't help but feel more "pumped" up and ready to pounce on the latest Puma footwear. Plus, the "cheesy" marketing tactics of Puma, combined with their "gouda" reputation for stylish and comfortable shoes, made them the "big cheese" in the footwear industry. So, as folks indulged in their love for American cheese, their cravings for Puma sneakers also skyrocketed, leading to a "grate" boost in sales for the brand.
ChatGPT: Picture a bustling outdoor grill, where juicy burgers with melted American cheese are being prepared. On an adjacent table, people are enjoying loaded nachos topped with the same gooey cheese. As the sizzle of the grill fills the air, happy customers take bites of their cheesy delights, and they can't help but feel a bit "extra cheesy." Nearby, a display of vibrant Puma sneakers catches their eye, and their "gouda" reputation for comfort and style draws them in. The combination of the cheesy goodness and the appealing Puma sneakers leaves customers feeling "pumped" up, and they quickly make the decision to pounce on the latest footwear styles. This scene captures the link between the increase in American cheese consumption and the rise in global Puma sales.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You write and improve image generation prompts for DALLE-3. You maintain the same subjects, but enhance the visuals.
User prompt: Please respond with an image generation prompt that would be likely to create an interesting visual using DALLE-3, using the following style: [ Pop art ] and depicting this scene: Picture a bustling outdoor grill, where juicy burgers with melted American cheese are being prepared. On an adjacent table, people are enjoying loaded nachos topped with the same gooey cheese. As the sizzle of the grill fills the air, happy customers take bites of their cheesy delights, and they can't help but feel a bit "extra cheesy." Nearby, a display of vibrant Puma sneakers catches their eye, and their "gouda" reputation for comfort and style draws them in. The combination of the cheesy goodness and the appealing Puma sneakers leaves customers feeling "pumped" up, and they quickly make the decision to pounce on the latest footwear styles. This scene captures the link between the increase in American cheese consumption and the rise in global Puma sales. Keep the visual depiction simple. Do not include any words or speech bubbles.
ChatGPT: Generate a pop art style image of a vibrant outdoor grill scene. In the foreground, showcase sizzling burgers with melted American cheese and loaded nachos topped with gooey cheese on an adjacent table. Happy customers are seen enjoying these cheesy delights, feeling "extra cheesy" as they take bites. Next to the food, display vibrant Puma sneakers catching people's attention. Show customers feeling "pumped" up by the combination of cheesy goodness and the appealing sneakers, leading them to make the decision to pounce on the latest footwear styles. Emphasize the connection between the increase in American cheese consumption and the rise in global Puma sales through vivid and energetic colors and style reminiscent of pop art.

*Variations in the User Prompts from chart to chart are just the result of random number generation in Python. I wrote a few arrays of various styles and methods to ask questions to change up the results. Every time this site writes an explanation or generates an image, the script picks from each at random.

I sequence the requests into multiple prompts because I find GPT 3.5 to perform much better with short, well-managed contexts. Thus, I track the context directly in Python and only ask ChatGPT targeted questions.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106 (fine-tuned)
System prompt: You provide humorous responses in the form of plausible sounding explanations for correlations. You assume the correlation is causative for the purpose of the explanation even if it is ridiculous. You do not chat with the user, you only reply with the causal connection explanation and nothing else.
User prompt: Please make up a funny explanation for how an increase in American cheese consumption caused Global Puma Sales to increase.\Make it sound serious until the end.

AI academic paper

(Because p < 0.01)
Say Cheese: Unveiling the Cheddar Connection Between American Cheese Consumption and Global Puma Sales

Journal of Dairy Economics and Big Cat Marketing

Jan 2024

Reminder: This paper is AI-generated. Not real!
Quick note: This sequence is long and repetitive. That's how the prompt engineering works for this one. I manage the output in Python to format it into this PDF.




Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a witty academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a statistics journal.You write titles and abstracts of goofy academic research papers.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, and add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please draft the title and abstract of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between American cheese consumption and Global Puma Sales. You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences.

Make the title punny if you can come up with clever pun. If not, just make it sound clever.

Your research team used data from USDA and Statista to assess this nagging question. You found a correlation coefficient of 0.9382849 and p < 0.01 for 2006 to 2021.

Please respond in this format (replace "Lorem ipsum dolor sit" with your title and abstract)

[[TITLE]]
Lorem ipsum dolor sit

[[ABSTRACT]]
Lorem ipsum dolor sit



ChatGPT:
[[TITLE]]
Say Cheese: Unveiling the Cheddar Connection Between American Cheese Consumption and Global Puma Sales

[[ABSTRACT]]
This study delves into the curiously compelling relationship between American cheese consumption and Global Puma sales, investigating whether there's more than just "cheese" to this correlation. Utilizing data from the USDA and Statista, our research team conducted a robust analysis spanning the years 2006 to 2021. We discovered a staggering correlation coefficient of 0.9382849 and p < 0.01, proving that there's something "gouda" be said about the interplay between these two seemingly unrelated entities.

The results of this study not only provide empirical evidence of the surprising connection between American cheese consumption and Global Puma sales but also highlight the potential impact of dairy products on the world of feline-inspired footwear. As we unravel the cheesy mystery behind this relationship, we encourage readers to approach our findings with a sense of "caution" and embrace the "purr-suasive" power of statistical analysis in uncovering such unexpected connections. Remember, there's always "mozzarella" to discover!


Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a witty academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a statistics journal.You draft the introduction section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the introduction section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between American cheese consumption and Global Puma Sales. You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences. Stay serious and dry most of the time, but then occasionally let your wit shine through.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
Say Cheese: Unveiling the Cheddar Connection Between American Cheese Consumption and Global Puma Sales

[[ABSTRACT]]
This study delves into the curiously compelling relationship between American cheese consumption and Global Puma sales, investigating whether there's more than just "cheese" to this correlation. Utilizing data from the USDA and Statista, our research team conducted a robust analysis spanning the years 2006 to 2021. We discovered a staggering correlation coefficient of 0.9382849 and p < 0.01, proving that there's something "gouda" be said about the interplay between these two seemingly unrelated entities.

The results of this study not only provide empirical evidence of the surprising connection between American cheese consumption and Global Puma sales but also highlight the potential impact of dairy products on the world of feline-inspired footwear. As we unravel the cheesy mystery behind this relationship, we encourage readers to approach our findings with a sense of "caution" and embrace the "purr-suasive" power of statistical analysis in uncovering such unexpected connections. Remember, there's always "mozzarella" to discover!

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[INTRODUCTION]]



ChatGPT:
[[INTRODUCTION]]

Whether it's on a juicy burger, a piping hot slice of pizza, or in a delectable grilled cheese sandwich, American cheese has managed to wedge its way into the hearts and stomachs of many. Meanwhile, on the other side of the consumer spectrum, Global Puma sales are pouncing into the market, appealing to athletes and fashion enthusiasts alike. One might wonder, what could possibly link these seemingly unrelated phenomena?

Much like the rind of a fine aged cheddar, our curiosity has ripened, prompting us to delve into this peculiar yet intriguing association between American cheese consumption and Global Puma sales. We aim to slice through the misconceptions and shred the ambiguity surrounding this connection, uncovering whether there's a provolone player at work here or if it's just a mere coincidence. We approach this investigation with the mindset that there's no "whey" we can overlook any potential correlation, no matter how cheesy it may seem.

Past research has often overlooked the dairy industry's impact on other sectors, but as the saying goes, "don't curdle your expectations until you've milked the data for all it's worth." In this study, we aim to curate a robust analysis, churning through datasets from the USDA and Statista, to ascertain whether the consumption of American cheese bears any "feta-l" significance on the sales of Global Puma products. After all, it's the "whey" to go when investigating correlations of this nature!

As we embark on this journey of discovery, it's essential to approach our findings with the understanding that correlation does not imply causation. Much like pairing wine and cheese, we must "brie" mindful of the nuanced flavors and complexities at play in these datasets. We hope that by shedding light on this enigmatic relationship, we can provoke further "grate" inquiry into unexpected connections in the world of consumer behavior and product sales. Remember, when it comes to uncovering the "cheddar" connection, every hypothesis is worth a "gouda" test!


Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a witty academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a statistics journal.You draft a literature review section of an academic research paper, that starts out dry for the first few sentences but then becomes hilarious and goofy.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a literature review section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between American cheese consumption and Global Puma Sales. You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences.

Speak in the present tense for this section (the authors find...), as is common in academic research paper literature reviews. Name the sources in a format similar to this: In "Book," the authors find lorem and ipsum.

Make up the lorem and ipsum part, but make it sound related to the topic at hand.

Start by naming serious-sounding studies by authors like Smith, Doe, and Jones - but then quickly devolve. Name some real non-fiction books that would be related to the topic. Then name some real fiction books that sound like they could be related. Then name a few real TV shows that sound like they might be relevant to the topic that you watched as research.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
Say Cheese: Unveiling the Cheddar Connection Between American Cheese Consumption and Global Puma Sales

[[ABSTRACT]]
This study delves into the curiously compelling relationship between American cheese consumption and Global Puma sales, investigating whether there's more than just "cheese" to this correlation. Utilizing data from the USDA and Statista, our research team conducted a robust analysis spanning the years 2006 to 2021. We discovered a staggering correlation coefficient of 0.9382849 and p < 0.01, proving that there's something "gouda" be said about the interplay between these two seemingly unrelated entities.

The results of this study not only provide empirical evidence of the surprising connection between American cheese consumption and Global Puma sales but also highlight the potential impact of dairy products on the world of feline-inspired footwear. As we unravel the cheesy mystery behind this relationship, we encourage readers to approach our findings with a sense of "caution" and embrace the "purr-suasive" power of statistical analysis in uncovering such unexpected connections. Remember, there's always "mozzarella" to discover!

-------

And here is the introduction section that led to this literature review:
[[INTRODUCTION]]
Whether it's on a juicy burger, a piping hot slice of pizza, or in a delectable grilled cheese sandwich, American cheese has managed to wedge its way into the hearts and stomachs of many. Meanwhile, on the other side of the consumer spectrum, Global Puma sales are pouncing into the market, appealing to athletes and fashion enthusiasts alike. One might wonder, what could possibly link these seemingly unrelated phenomena?
Much like the rind of a fine aged cheddar, our curiosity has ripened, prompting us to delve into this peculiar yet intriguing association between American cheese consumption and Global Puma sales. We aim to slice through the misconceptions and shred the ambiguity surrounding this connection, uncovering whether there's a provolone player at work here or if it's just a mere coincidence. We approach this investigation with the mindset that there's no "whey" we can overlook any potential correlation, no matter how cheesy it may seem.
Past research has often overlooked the dairy industry's impact on other sectors, but as the saying goes, "don't curdle your expectations until you've milked the data for all it's worth." In this study, we aim to curate a robust analysis, churning through datasets from the USDA and Statista, to ascertain whether the consumption of American cheese bears any "feta-l" significance on the sales of Global Puma products. After all, it's the "whey" to go when investigating correlations of this nature!
As we embark on this journey of discovery, it's essential to approach our findings with the understanding that correlation does not imply causation. Much like pairing wine and cheese, we must "brie" mindful of the nuanced flavors and complexities at play in these datasets. We hope that by shedding light on this enigmatic relationship, we can provoke further "grate" inquiry into unexpected connections in the world of consumer behavior and product sales. Remember, when it comes to uncovering the "cheddar" connection, every hypothesis is worth a "gouda" test!

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]



ChatGPT:
[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

The connection between American cheese consumption and Global Puma sales has been largely unexplored in the academic literature, with scant attention given to the potential interplay between dairy products and athletic footwear. However, recent studies by Smith and Doe (2018) and Jones et al. (2020) have begun to illuminate the surprising correlations lurking beneath the surface of these seemingly unrelated consumer trends.

In "The Dairy Dilemma: Exploring the Impact of Cheese Consumption on Global Markets," Smith and Doe (2018) observed a modest correlation between American cheese consumption and athletic apparel sales, laying the foundation for further inquiry into this phenomenon. Similarly, Jones et al. (2020) highlighted the intersection of dairy products and retail trends in "Cheese and Shoes: An Unlikely Duo," suggesting a potential link between cheese preferences and consumer behaviors.

However, as we slice through the body of literature on this topic, it becomes apparent that the research landscape lacks the "mature cheddar" of comprehensive analysis. While these initial studies offer tantalizing hints at an underlying connection, they leave much to be desired in terms of empirical rigor and methodological sophistication.

Turning to non-fiction sources, "The Cheese Bible: From Cheddar to Gouda" and "The Global Footwear Market: A Soleful Perspective" provide insights that are relevant to our investigation. The former delves into the cultural and economic significance of cheese consumption, offering a nuanced perspective on the potential impact of dairy products on consumer behavior. Meanwhile, the latter uncovers the intricate dynamics of the footwear industry, shedding light on the variables that may influence sales trends.

On the fiction side, "The Curious Case of the Cursed Camembert" and "The Sneaker Sleuth and the Mystery of the Missing Mozzarella" present imaginative narratives that, despite their whimsical titles, reflect the enduring intrigue surrounding unexpected correlations in consumer markets.

Additionally, a review of the TV series "Cheese Wars: The Wedge Awakens" and "Puma Diaries: A Tale of Fashion and Felines" has provided valuable context for understanding the cultural and commercial aspects of American cheese and Global Puma sales. These programs, while not academic in nature, have offered unique perspectives that complement our research endeavors.

In the pursuit of unraveling this curious juxtaposition of American cheese consumption and Global Puma sales, we must approach our inquiry with intellectual rigor, but not without a sense of "cheese-magination." After all, as the saying goes, "you gouda brie kidding me" if you think we'd take ourselves too seriously in this quest for dairy-driven insights!


Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a witty academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a statistics journal.You draft the methodology section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the methodology section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between American cheese consumption and Global Puma Sales. You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences. Stay serious and dry most of the time, but then occasionally let your wit shine through.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from USDA and Statista . You used data from 2006 to 2021

Make up the research methods you don't know. Make them a bit goofy and convoluted.

Here is the title, abstract, and introduction of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
Say Cheese: Unveiling the Cheddar Connection Between American Cheese Consumption and Global Puma Sales

[[ABSTRACT]]
This study delves into the curiously compelling relationship between American cheese consumption and Global Puma sales, investigating whether there's more than just "cheese" to this correlation. Utilizing data from the USDA and Statista, our research team conducted a robust analysis spanning the years 2006 to 2021. We discovered a staggering correlation coefficient of 0.9382849 and p < 0.01, proving that there's something "gouda" be said about the interplay between these two seemingly unrelated entities.

The results of this study not only provide empirical evidence of the surprising connection between American cheese consumption and Global Puma sales but also highlight the potential impact of dairy products on the world of feline-inspired footwear. As we unravel the cheesy mystery behind this relationship, we encourage readers to approach our findings with a sense of "caution" and embrace the "purr-suasive" power of statistical analysis in uncovering such unexpected connections. Remember, there's always "mozzarella" to discover!

[[INTRODUCTION]]
Whether it's on a juicy burger, a piping hot slice of pizza, or in a delectable grilled cheese sandwich, American cheese has managed to wedge its way into the hearts and stomachs of many. Meanwhile, on the other side of the consumer spectrum, Global Puma sales are pouncing into the market, appealing to athletes and fashion enthusiasts alike. One might wonder, what could possibly link these seemingly unrelated phenomena?
Much like the rind of a fine aged cheddar, our curiosity has ripened, prompting us to delve into this peculiar yet intriguing association between American cheese consumption and Global Puma sales. We aim to slice through the misconceptions and shred the ambiguity surrounding this connection, uncovering whether there's a provolone player at work here or if it's just a mere coincidence. We approach this investigation with the mindset that there's no "whey" we can overlook any potential correlation, no matter how cheesy it may seem.
Past research has often overlooked the dairy industry's impact on other sectors, but as the saying goes, "don't curdle your expectations until you've milked the data for all it's worth." In this study, we aim to curate a robust analysis, churning through datasets from the USDA and Statista, to ascertain whether the consumption of American cheese bears any "feta-l" significance on the sales of Global Puma products. After all, it's the "whey" to go when investigating correlations of this nature!
As we embark on this journey of discovery, it's essential to approach our findings with the understanding that correlation does not imply causation. Much like pairing wine and cheese, we must "brie" mindful of the nuanced flavors and complexities at play in these datasets. We hope that by shedding light on this enigmatic relationship, we can provoke further "grate" inquiry into unexpected connections in the world of consumer behavior and product sales. Remember, when it comes to uncovering the "cheddar" connection, every hypothesis is worth a "gouda" test!

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[METHODOLOGY]]



ChatGPT:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

To begin our investigation into the correlation between American cheese consumption and Global Puma sales, our research team employed a variety of data collection and analysis methods that were as sharp as a fine, aged cheddar. We sourced data from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and Statista, utilizing a custom-built web scraping tool to gather information from online sources including trade reports, industry publications, and market analyses.

However, much like the meticulous process of crafting a perfectly grilled cheese sandwich, our data collection process was not without its challenges. We encountered a number of "grate" obstacles, including incomplete datasets and outdated information. The process of sifting through this data was akin to searching for the perfect cheese crumb amidst a sea of metaphorical "cheesy" detritus.

Taking inspiration from the precision of the cheese slicing industry, we utilized a combination of quantitative methods to analyze the collected data. We calculated the per capita American cheese consumption and tracked Global Puma sales over the years 2006 to 2021, employing statistical techniques including correlation analysis and regression modeling to determine the strength and significance of the relationship between these variables.

Of course, no research endeavor is complete without an acknowledgment of the potential limitations present in the data and analysis. Just as a cheese that's been left out for too long, the datasets we utilized may have experienced some "aging," leading to potential biases and inaccuracies. As any seasoned researcher would attest, acknowledging the "holes" in one's data is just as important as acknowledging the holes in a block of Swiss cheese!

In addition to the quantitative analysis, we also engaged in qualitative exploration, conducting interviews with industry experts and consumers to gain insights into the potential cultural and market factors that could underpin the observed correlation. These interviews provided a sense of depth, much like the complex flavors that develop in a well-aged Gouda.

Furthermore, in the spirit of transparency and reproducibility, we have made our data sources and analysis code available in a publicly accessible repository, ensuring that interested parties can scrutinize our methods and findings as thoroughly as a connoisseur scrutinizes a cheese board.

In summation, our approach to this investigation combined the precision of statistical analysis with the richness of qualitative insights, much like the perfect fusion of a decadent cheese platter and a captivating discussion. Our methods truly encapsulate the essence of this research, leaving no "cheddar" unturned in our pursuit of unraveling the connection between American cheese consumption and Global Puma sales. After all, as any dairy aficionado would affirm, the pursuit of knowledge is fundamentally "grate" in all its forms!


Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a witty academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a statistics journal.You draft the results section of an academic research paper. You speak in the past tense (you found...).
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the results section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between American cheese consumption and Global Puma Sales. You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences. Stay serious and dry most of the time, but then occasionally let your wit shine through.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from USDA and Statista .

For the time period 2006 to 2021, you found a correlation 0.9382849, r-squared of 0.8803785, and p < 0.01.

One figure will be included. The figure (Fig. 1) is a scatterplot showing the strong correlation between the two variables. You don't need to specify where; I will add the figure.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
Say Cheese: Unveiling the Cheddar Connection Between American Cheese Consumption and Global Puma Sales

[[ABSTRACT]]
This study delves into the curiously compelling relationship between American cheese consumption and Global Puma sales, investigating whether there's more than just "cheese" to this correlation. Utilizing data from the USDA and Statista, our research team conducted a robust analysis spanning the years 2006 to 2021. We discovered a staggering correlation coefficient of 0.9382849 and p < 0.01, proving that there's something "gouda" be said about the interplay between these two seemingly unrelated entities.

The results of this study not only provide empirical evidence of the surprising connection between American cheese consumption and Global Puma sales but also highlight the potential impact of dairy products on the world of feline-inspired footwear. As we unravel the cheesy mystery behind this relationship, we encourage readers to approach our findings with a sense of "caution" and embrace the "purr-suasive" power of statistical analysis in uncovering such unexpected connections. Remember, there's always "mozzarella" to discover!

-------

And here is the methodology section that led to this result:
[[METHODOLOGY]]
Whether it's on a juicy burger, a piping hot slice of pizza, or in a delectable grilled cheese sandwich, American cheese has managed to wedge its way into the hearts and stomachs of many. Meanwhile, on the other side of the consumer spectrum, Global Puma sales are pouncing into the market, appealing to athletes and fashion enthusiasts alike. One might wonder, what could possibly link these seemingly unrelated phenomena?
Much like the rind of a fine aged cheddar, our curiosity has ripened, prompting us to delve into this peculiar yet intriguing association between American cheese consumption and Global Puma sales. We aim to slice through the misconceptions and shred the ambiguity surrounding this connection, uncovering whether there's a provolone player at work here or if it's just a mere coincidence. We approach this investigation with the mindset that there's no "whey" we can overlook any potential correlation, no matter how cheesy it may seem.
Past research has often overlooked the dairy industry's impact on other sectors, but as the saying goes, "don't curdle your expectations until you've milked the data for all it's worth." In this study, we aim to curate a robust analysis, churning through datasets from the USDA and Statista, to ascertain whether the consumption of American cheese bears any "feta-l" significance on the sales of Global Puma products. After all, it's the "whey" to go when investigating correlations of this nature!
As we embark on this journey of discovery, it's essential to approach our findings with the understanding that correlation does not imply causation. Much like pairing wine and cheese, we must "brie" mindful of the nuanced flavors and complexities at play in these datasets. We hope that by shedding light on this enigmatic relationship, we can provoke further "grate" inquiry into unexpected connections in the world of consumer behavior and product sales. Remember, when it comes to uncovering the "cheddar" connection, every hypothesis is worth a "gouda" test!

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[RESULTS]]



ChatGPT:

[[RESULTS]]

The analysis of the relationship between American cheese consumption and Global Puma sales yielded compelling findings. Over the time period from 2006 to 2021, our study revealed a remarkably strong correlation coefficient of 0.9382849. This suggests a 'gouda' deal of interconnection between these two seemingly unrelated factors, providing substantial evidence that there's more going on than meets the 'eye' of the cheese grater.

Moreover, the r-squared value of 0.8803785 indicates that approximately 88.04% of the variability in Global Puma sales can be explained by the variation in American cheese consumption. In other words, this discovery offers a 'provolone' player in the game of consumer behavior and product sales, demonstrating an unexpectedly profound impact of dairy delight on feline-inspired footwear fascination.

The statistical significance of this correlation was confirmed with a p-value of less than 0.01, highlighting the robustness of the observed relationship. Such a small p-value signifies that the likelihood of observing such a strong correlation between American cheese consumption and Global Puma sales by random chance alone is highly improbable, lending substantial 'credence' to our findings.

The scatterplot in Figure 1 visually encapsulates the strength of the correlation, portraying a clear trend between the two variables. This compelling visualization leaves little room for doubts about the 'cheese-tastic' connection that our study has unveiled.

In a 'cheesy' way, one could say that our results are truly 'grate' news for those who appreciate the unexpected links in the world of consumer behavior and sales dynamics. As we savor the success of this investigation, it's important to remember that sometimes, the most 'purr-suasive' relationships can emerge from the most unassuming of factors.


Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a witty academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a statistics journal.You draft the discussion section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the discussion section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between American cheese consumption and Global Puma Sales. You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences. Stay serious and dry most of the time, but then occasionally let your wit shine through.

Limit your response to 500 tokens.

Here are the title, abstract, literature review, and results sections. Please harken back to 1-2 of the goofy items in the literature review, but pretend to take them completely seriously. Discuss how your results supported the prior research.

Do not write a conclusion. I will add a conclusion after this.

[[TITLE]]
Say Cheese: Unveiling the Cheddar Connection Between American Cheese Consumption and Global Puma Sales

[[ABSTRACT]]
This study delves into the curiously compelling relationship between American cheese consumption and Global Puma sales, investigating whether there's more than just "cheese" to this correlation. Utilizing data from the USDA and Statista, our research team conducted a robust analysis spanning the years 2006 to 2021. We discovered a staggering correlation coefficient of 0.9382849 and p < 0.01, proving that there's something "gouda" be said about the interplay between these two seemingly unrelated entities.

The results of this study not only provide empirical evidence of the surprising connection between American cheese consumption and Global Puma sales but also highlight the potential impact of dairy products on the world of feline-inspired footwear. As we unravel the cheesy mystery behind this relationship, we encourage readers to approach our findings with a sense of "caution" and embrace the "purr-suasive" power of statistical analysis in uncovering such unexpected connections. Remember, there's always "mozzarella" to discover!

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]
The connection between American cheese consumption and Global Puma sales has been largely unexplored in the academic literature, with scant attention given to the potential interplay between dairy products and athletic footwear. However, recent studies by Smith and Doe (2018) and Jones et al. (2020) have begun to illuminate the surprising correlations lurking beneath the surface of these seemingly unrelated consumer trends.
In "The Dairy Dilemma: Exploring the Impact of Cheese Consumption on Global Markets," Smith and Doe (2018) observed a modest correlation between American cheese consumption and athletic apparel sales, laying the foundation for further inquiry into this phenomenon. Similarly, Jones et al. (2020) highlighted the intersection of dairy products and retail trends in "Cheese and Shoes: An Unlikely Duo," suggesting a potential link between cheese preferences and consumer behaviors.
However, as we slice through the body of literature on this topic, it becomes apparent that the research landscape lacks the "mature cheddar" of comprehensive analysis. While these initial studies offer tantalizing hints at an underlying connection, they leave much to be desired in terms of empirical rigor and methodological sophistication.
Turning to non-fiction sources, "The Cheese Bible: From Cheddar to Gouda" and "The Global Footwear Market: A Soleful Perspective" provide insights that are relevant to our investigation. The former delves into the cultural and economic significance of cheese consumption, offering a nuanced perspective on the potential impact of dairy products on consumer behavior. Meanwhile, the latter uncovers the intricate dynamics of the footwear industry, shedding light on the variables that may influence sales trends.
On the fiction side, "The Curious Case of the Cursed Camembert" and "The Sneaker Sleuth and the Mystery of the Missing Mozzarella" present imaginative narratives that, despite their whimsical titles, reflect the enduring intrigue surrounding unexpected correlations in consumer markets.
Additionally, a review of the TV series "Cheese Wars: The Wedge Awakens" and "Puma Diaries: A Tale of Fashion and Felines" has provided valuable context for understanding the cultural and commercial aspects of American cheese and Global Puma sales. These programs, while not academic in nature, have offered unique perspectives that complement our research endeavors.
In the pursuit of unraveling this curious juxtaposition of American cheese consumption and Global Puma sales, we must approach our inquiry with intellectual rigor, but not without a sense of "cheese-magination." After all, as the saying goes, "you gouda brie kidding me" if you think we'd take ourselves too seriously in this quest for dairy-driven insights!

[[RESULTS]]
The analysis of the relationship between American cheese consumption and Global Puma sales yielded compelling findings. Over the time period from 2006 to 2021, our study revealed a remarkably strong correlation coefficient of 0.9382849. This suggests a 'gouda' deal of interconnection between these two seemingly unrelated factors, providing substantial evidence that there's more going on than meets the 'eye' of the cheese grater.
Moreover, the r-squared value of 0.8803785 indicates that approximately 88.04% of the variability in Global Puma sales can be explained by the variation in American cheese consumption. In other words, this discovery offers a 'provolone' player in the game of consumer behavior and product sales, demonstrating an unexpectedly profound impact of dairy delight on feline-inspired footwear fascination.
The statistical significance of this correlation was confirmed with a p-value of less than 0.01, highlighting the robustness of the observed relationship. Such a small p-value signifies that the likelihood of observing such a strong correlation between American cheese consumption and Global Puma sales by random chance alone is highly improbable, lending substantial 'credence' to our findings.
The scatterplot in Figure 1 visually encapsulates the strength of the correlation, portraying a clear trend between the two variables. This compelling visualization leaves little room for doubts about the 'cheese-tastic' connection that our study has unveiled.
In a 'cheesy' way, one could say that our results are truly 'grate' news for those who appreciate the unexpected links in the world of consumer behavior and sales dynamics. As we savor the success of this investigation, it's important to remember that sometimes, the most 'purr-suasive' relationships can emerge from the most unassuming of factors.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[DISCUSSION]]



ChatGPT:

[[DISCUSSION]]

The elucidation of a substantial correlation between American cheese consumption and Global Puma sales corroborates the earlier indications from the extant literature. Smith and Doe (2018) and Jones et al. (2020) laid the groundwork for our study by uncovering the potential link between dairy product preferences and consumer retail behaviors. This evidence, although initially met with skepticism akin to the question, "Why was the cheese aggressive? Because it was cheddar," ultimately paved the path for our robust empirical investigation.

Our findings align with the prior literature, affirming the unexpected influence of American cheese consumption on the global market for Puma footwear. The correlation coefficient of 0.9382849, approaching the level of a "gouda" one, reinforces the notion that there's more at play here than meets the "cheesy" eye. Furthermore, the r-squared value of 0.8803785 underscores the substantial connection, speaking volumes about the considerable impact of dairy product consumption on feline-inspired footwear fascination. In the words of the "holy cheese," these results are truly "grate" news for enthusiasts of unexpected market dynamics.

The statistical significance of our findings, as evidenced by the p-value of less than 0.01, defies the probability of such a strong correlation occurring by mere chance. This underpins the "brie-liance" of our study and substantiates the notion that the relationship between American cheese consumption and Global Puma sales is not merely a "feta"-ccidental occurrence. As we further "gouda" understand the intricacies of consumer behavior, it becomes increasingly clear that even the most seemingly disparate factors can coalesce in fascinating ways, akin to the fusion of flavors in a well-crafted cheese platter.

The scatterplot in Figure 1 visually encapsulates the robustness of the connection, akin to a visual representation of the intertwining "cheddar" and Global Puma sales trends. Just as a fine wine complements a rich cheese, our results harmonize with the existing literature, offering a "brie-lliant" symphony of empirical support for the remarkable interplay between American cheese consumption and the global market for Puma footwear.

Our study provides a unique vantage point in the cheese-scented landscape of consumer market dynamics, challenging conventional wisdom and inspiring a newfound level of appreciation for the intricate harmony of seemingly unrelated factors. As we savor the success of this investigation, it's essential to remember that the consumer market, akin to a good cheese, only gets "feta" with time. This study further cautions that as researchers, we must remain open to unexpected correlations, embracing the "purr-suasive" power of statistical analysis in unraveling the mysteries of consumer behavior and sales dynamics. After all, when it comes to uncovering connections, there's always "mozzarella" to discover!


Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a witty academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a statistics journal.You draft the discussion section of goofy academic research papers that sounds like it belongs based on the title and abstract provided.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a short conclusion of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between American cheese consumption and Global Puma Sales. You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences. Stay serious and dry most of the time, but then occasionally let your wit shine through.

Limit your response to 300 tokens. At the very end, assert that no more research is needed in this area.

Here are the title, abstract, introduction, and results sections.
[[TITLE]]
Say Cheese: Unveiling the Cheddar Connection Between American Cheese Consumption and Global Puma Sales

[[ABSTRACT]]
This study delves into the curiously compelling relationship between American cheese consumption and Global Puma sales, investigating whether there's more than just "cheese" to this correlation. Utilizing data from the USDA and Statista, our research team conducted a robust analysis spanning the years 2006 to 2021. We discovered a staggering correlation coefficient of 0.9382849 and p < 0.01, proving that there's something "gouda" be said about the interplay between these two seemingly unrelated entities.

The results of this study not only provide empirical evidence of the surprising connection between American cheese consumption and Global Puma sales but also highlight the potential impact of dairy products on the world of feline-inspired footwear. As we unravel the cheesy mystery behind this relationship, we encourage readers to approach our findings with a sense of "caution" and embrace the "purr-suasive" power of statistical analysis in uncovering such unexpected connections. Remember, there's always "mozzarella" to discover!

[[INTRDUCTION]]
Whether it's on a juicy burger, a piping hot slice of pizza, or in a delectable grilled cheese sandwich, American cheese has managed to wedge its way into the hearts and stomachs of many. Meanwhile, on the other side of the consumer spectrum, Global Puma sales are pouncing into the market, appealing to athletes and fashion enthusiasts alike. One might wonder, what could possibly link these seemingly unrelated phenomena?
Much like the rind of a fine aged cheddar, our curiosity has ripened, prompting us to delve into this peculiar yet intriguing association between American cheese consumption and Global Puma sales. We aim to slice through the misconceptions and shred the ambiguity surrounding this connection, uncovering whether there's a provolone player at work here or if it's just a mere coincidence. We approach this investigation with the mindset that there's no "whey" we can overlook any potential correlation, no matter how cheesy it may seem.
Past research has often overlooked the dairy industry's impact on other sectors, but as the saying goes, "don't curdle your expectations until you've milked the data for all it's worth." In this study, we aim to curate a robust analysis, churning through datasets from the USDA and Statista, to ascertain whether the consumption of American cheese bears any "feta-l" significance on the sales of Global Puma products. After all, it's the "whey" to go when investigating correlations of this nature!
As we embark on this journey of discovery, it's essential to approach our findings with the understanding that correlation does not imply causation. Much like pairing wine and cheese, we must "brie" mindful of the nuanced flavors and complexities at play in these datasets. We hope that by shedding light on this enigmatic relationship, we can provoke further "grate" inquiry into unexpected connections in the world of consumer behavior and product sales. Remember, when it comes to uncovering the "cheddar" connection, every hypothesis is worth a "gouda" test!

[[RESULTS]]
The analysis of the relationship between American cheese consumption and Global Puma sales yielded compelling findings. Over the time period from 2006 to 2021, our study revealed a remarkably strong correlation coefficient of 0.9382849. This suggests a 'gouda' deal of interconnection between these two seemingly unrelated factors, providing substantial evidence that there's more going on than meets the 'eye' of the cheese grater.
Moreover, the r-squared value of 0.8803785 indicates that approximately 88.04% of the variability in Global Puma sales can be explained by the variation in American cheese consumption. In other words, this discovery offers a 'provolone' player in the game of consumer behavior and product sales, demonstrating an unexpectedly profound impact of dairy delight on feline-inspired footwear fascination.
The statistical significance of this correlation was confirmed with a p-value of less than 0.01, highlighting the robustness of the observed relationship. Such a small p-value signifies that the likelihood of observing such a strong correlation between American cheese consumption and Global Puma sales by random chance alone is highly improbable, lending substantial 'credence' to our findings.
The scatterplot in Figure 1 visually encapsulates the strength of the correlation, portraying a clear trend between the two variables. This compelling visualization leaves little room for doubts about the 'cheese-tastic' connection that our study has unveiled.
In a 'cheesy' way, one could say that our results are truly 'grate' news for those who appreciate the unexpected links in the world of consumer behavior and sales dynamics. As we savor the success of this investigation, it's important to remember that sometimes, the most 'purr-suasive' relationships can emerge from the most unassuming of factors.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[CONCLUSION]]



ChatGPT:

[[CONCLUSION]]

In conclusion, our study has provided empirical evidence of a surprisingly strong correlation between American cheese consumption and Global Puma sales. The substantial correlation coefficient of 0.9382849 and a p-value less than 0.01 indicate a connection that is indeed more than just "cheese-y." It seems that the impact of American cheese stretches beyond the realms of gastronomy, extending its influence to the fashion-forward world of feline-inspired footwear.

The r-squared value of 0.8803785 further emphasizes the 'grate' degree to which American cheese consumption can elucidate the variability in Global Puma sales. It appears that the phrase "cheesy sales tactics" may have a whole new interpretation in light of our findings.

On a lighter note, one cannot help but ponder whether Puma should consider incorporating cheese-themed designs into their product line. After all, who wouldn't want a pair of "cheddar-chic" sneakers?

While our results may seem amusing, they underline the significant impact that seemingly unrelated factors can have on consumer behavior and product sales. Through the 'whey' our study has illuminated this connection, we hope to encourage further exploration into the unexpected interplay of diverse consumer goods.

In the same way that a perfectly paired wine complements a flavorful cheese, our findings highlight the 'gouda' potential of interdisciplinary research when uncovering correlations in the realm of consumer behavior and sales dynamics.

It is evident that our study has cracked open a wedge, or should I say, "cheddar," of insight into the intersection of American cheese consumption and Global Puma sales. The evidence presented here suggests that additional investigation in this area would simply be 'too gouda' to be true.

As much as the world may be 'feta' for more research, our findings suggest that this line of inquiry has been thoroughly 'shredded.' Therefore, it can be concluded that no further research is needed in this 'cheese-tastic' domain.


Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of academic journals. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding research, scientific, or academic journal that would publish a paper entited Say Cheese: Unveiling the Cheddar Connection Between American Cheese Consumption and Global Puma Sales. Respond only with the name of a fictional academic journal.

ChatGPT:

Journal of Dairy Economics and Big Cat Marketing


Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of nonprofit research organizations and associations. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding nonprofit, academic, or scientific association or organization that would sponsor research that resulted in a paper entited Say Cheese: Unveiling the Cheddar Connection Between American Cheese Consumption and Global Puma Sales. Respond only with the name of a fictional organization.

ChatGPT:

The International Cheese Consumption and Feline Economics Association


Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide potential search keywords separated by commas. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide potential search keywords for a paper titled Say Cheese: Unveiling the Cheddar Connection Between American Cheese Consumption and Global Puma Sales with an abstract of This study delves into the curiously compelling relationship between American cheese consumption and Global Puma sales, investigating whether there's more than just "cheese" to this correlation. Utilizing data from the USDA and Statista, our research team conducted a robust analysis spanning the years 2006 to 2021. We discovered a staggering correlation coefficient of 0.9382849 and p < 0.01, proving that there's something "gouda" be said about the interplay between these two seemingly unrelated entities.
The results of this study not only provide empirical evidence of the surprising connection between American cheese consumption and Global Puma sales but also highlight the potential impact of dairy products on the world of feline-inspired footwear. As we unravel the cheesy mystery behind this relationship, we encourage readers to approach our findings with a sense of "caution" and embrace the "purr-suasive" power of statistical analysis in uncovering such unexpected connections. Remember, there's always "mozzarella" to discover!

ChatGPT:

American cheese consumption, Global Puma sales, relationship, correlation, USDA data, Statista, analysis, 2006-2021, correlation coefficient, empirical evidence, dairy products, feline-inspired footwear, statistical analysis, unexpected connections

*There is a bunch of Python happening behind the scenes to turn this prompt sequence into a PDF.



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Data details

American cheese consumption
Detailed data title: Per capita consumption of American cheese in the US
Source: USDA
See what else correlates with American cheese consumption

Global Puma Sales
Source: Statista
See what else correlates with Global Puma Sales

Correlation r = 0.9382849 (Pearson correlation coefficient)
Correlation is a measure of how much the variables move together. If it is 0.99, when one goes up the other goes up. If it is 0.02, the connection is very weak or non-existent. If it is -0.99, then when one goes up the other goes down. If it is 1.00, you probably messed up your correlation function.

r2 = 0.8803785 (Coefficient of determination)
This means 88% of the change in the one variable (i.e., Global Puma Sales) is predictable based on the change in the other (i.e., American cheese consumption) over the 16 years from 2006 through 2021.

p < 0.01, which is statistically significant(Null hypothesis significance test)
The p-value is 7.8E-8. 0.0000000775952622806765200000
The p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme. More specifically the p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme if we had only tested one pair of variables one time.

But I am a p-villain. I absolutely did not test only one pair of variables one time. I correlated hundreds of millions of pairs of variables. I threw boatloads of data into an industrial-sized blender to find this correlation.

Who is going to stop me? p-value reporting doesn't require me to report how many calculations I had to go through in order to find a low p-value!
On average, you will find a correaltion as strong as 0.94 in 7.8E-6% of random cases. Said differently, if you correlated 12,887,385 random variables You don't actually need 12 million variables to find a correlation like this one. I don't have that many variables in my database. You can also correlate variables that are not independent. I do this a lot.

p-value calculations are useful for understanding the probability of a result happening by chance. They are most useful when used to highlight the risk of a fluke outcome. For example, if you calculate a p-value of 0.30, the risk that the result is a fluke is high. It is good to know that! But there are lots of ways to get a p-value of less than 0.01, as evidenced by this project.

In this particular case, the values are so extreme as to be meaningless. That's why no one reports p-values with specificity after they drop below 0.01.

Just to be clear: I'm being completely transparent about the calculations. There is no math trickery. This is just how statistics shakes out when you calculate hundreds of millions of random correlations.
with the same 15 degrees of freedom, Degrees of freedom is a measure of how many free components we are testing. In this case it is 15 because we have two variables measured over a period of 16 years. It's just the number of years minus ( the number of variables minus one ), which in this case simplifies to the number of years minus one.
you would randomly expect to find a correlation as strong as this one.

[ 0.83, 0.98 ] 95% correlation confidence interval (using the Fisher z-transformation)
The confidence interval is an estimate the range of the value of the correlation coefficient, using the correlation itself as an input. The values are meant to be the low and high end of the correlation coefficient with 95% confidence.

This one is a bit more complciated than the other calculations, but I include it because many people have been pushing for confidence intervals instead of p-value calculations (for example: NEJM. However, if you are dredging data, you can reliably find yourself in the 5%. That's my goal!


All values for the years included above: If I were being very sneaky, I could trim years from the beginning or end of the datasets to increase the correlation on some pairs of variables. I don't do that because there are already plenty of correlations in my database without monkeying with the years.

Still, sometimes one of the variables has more years of data available than the other. This page only shows the overlapping years. To see all the years, click on "See what else correlates with..." link above.
2006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021
American cheese consumption (Pounds per person)13.065612.792913.130613.355313.304813.039213.256913.357313.665614.044414.362115.090115.402715.538915.516.1
Global Puma Sales (Euros)2760000274000027700002610000286000031700003270000299000029700003390000363000041400004650000550000052300006810000




Why this works

  1. Data dredging: I have 25,153 variables in my database. I compare all these variables against each other to find ones that randomly match up. That's 632,673,409 correlation calculations! This is called “data dredging.” Instead of starting with a hypothesis and testing it, I instead abused the data to see what correlations shake out. It’s a dangerous way to go about analysis, because any sufficiently large dataset will yield strong correlations completely at random.
  2. Lack of causal connection: There is probably Because these pages are automatically generated, it's possible that the two variables you are viewing are in fact causually related. I take steps to prevent the obvious ones from showing on the site (I don't let data about the weather in one city correlate with the weather in a neighboring city, for example), but sometimes they still pop up. If they are related, cool! You found a loophole.
    no direct connection between these variables, despite what the AI says above. This is exacerbated by the fact that I used "Years" as the base variable. Lots of things happen in a year that are not related to each other! Most studies would use something like "one person" in stead of "one year" to be the "thing" studied.
  3. Observations not independent: For many variables, sequential years are not independent of each other. If a population of people is continuously doing something every day, there is no reason to think they would suddenly change how they are doing that thing on January 1. A simple Personally I don't find any p-value calculation to be 'simple,' but you know what I mean.
    p-value calculation does not take this into account, so mathematically it appears less probable than it really is.
  4. Y-axis doesn't start at zero: I truncated the Y-axes of the graph above. I also used a line graph, which makes the visual connection stand out more than it deserves. Nothing against line graphs. They are great at telling a story when you have linear data! But visually it is deceptive because the only data is at the points on the graph, not the lines on the graph. In between each point, the data could have been doing anything. Like going for a random walk by itself!
    Mathematically what I showed is true, but it is intentionally misleading. Below is the same chart but with both Y-axes starting at zero.




Try it yourself

You can calculate the values on this page on your own! Try running the Python code to see the calculation results. Step 1: Download and install Python on your computer.

Step 2: Open a plaintext editor like Notepad and paste the code below into it.

Step 3: Save the file as "calculate_correlation.py" in a place you will remember, like your desktop. Copy the file location to your clipboard. On Windows, you can right-click the file and click "Properties," and then copy what comes after "Location:" As an example, on my computer the location is "C:\Users\tyler\Desktop"

Step 4: Open a command line window. For example, by pressing start and typing "cmd" and them pressing enter.

Step 5: Install the required modules by typing "pip install numpy", then pressing enter, then typing "pip install scipy", then pressing enter.

Step 6: Navigate to the location where you saved the Python file by using the "cd" command. For example, I would type "cd C:\Users\tyler\Desktop" and push enter.

Step 7: Run the Python script by typing "python calculate_correlation.py"

If you run into any issues, I suggest asking ChatGPT to walk you through installing Python and running the code below on your system. Try this question:

"Walk me through installing Python on my computer to run a script that uses scipy and numpy. Go step-by-step and ask me to confirm before moving on. Start by asking me questions about my operating system so that you know how to proceed. Assume I want the simplest installation with the latest version of Python and that I do not currently have any of the necessary elements installed. Remember to only give me one step per response and confirm I have done it before proceeding."


# These modules make it easier to perform the calculation
import numpy as np
from scipy import stats

# We'll define a function that we can call to return the correlation calculations
def calculate_correlation(array1, array2):

    # Calculate Pearson correlation coefficient and p-value
    correlation, p_value = stats.pearsonr(array1, array2)

    # Calculate R-squared as the square of the correlation coefficient
    r_squared = correlation**2

    return correlation, r_squared, p_value

# These are the arrays for the variables shown on this page, but you can modify them to be any two sets of numbers
array_1 = np.array([13.0656,12.7929,13.1306,13.3553,13.3048,13.0392,13.2569,13.3573,13.6656,14.0444,14.3621,15.0901,15.4027,15.5389,15.5,16.1,])
array_2 = np.array([2760000,2740000,2770000,2610000,2860000,3170000,3270000,2990000,2970000,3390000,3630000,4140000,4650000,5500000,5230000,6810000,])
array_1_name = "American cheese consumption"
array_2_name = "Global Puma Sales"

# Perform the calculation
print(f"Calculating the correlation between {array_1_name} and {array_2_name}...")
correlation, r_squared, p_value = calculate_correlation(array_1, array_2)

# Print the results
print("Correlation Coefficient:", correlation)
print("R-squared:", r_squared)
print("P-value:", p_value)



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You do not need to attribute "the spurious correlations website," and you don't even need to link here if you don't want to. I don't gain anything from pageviews. There are no ads on this site, there is nothing for sale, and I am not for hire.

For the record, I am just one person. Tyler Vigen, he/him/his. I do have degrees, but they should not go after my name unless you want to annoy my wife. If that is your goal, then go ahead and cite me as "Tyler Vigen, A.A. A.A.S. B.A. J.D." Otherwise it is just "Tyler Vigen."

When spoken, my last name is pronounced "vegan," like I don't eat meat.

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Correlation ID: 1186 · Black Variable ID: 553 · Red Variable ID: 435
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