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Spurious correlation #1,785 · View random

A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is Popularity of the first name Johnny and the second variable is Burglaries in Georgia.  The chart goes from 1985 to 2022, and the two variables track closely in value over that time. Small Image
Download png
, svg

AI explanation

Fewer Johnnys meant fewer people to keep an eye on their homes, giving burglars in Georgia a real identity crisis. They just couldn't bring themselves to rob a place without the chance of belting out, "Johnny be good!" as they made their getaway. It's like the whole state lost its spark, and the burglars decided it was time to turn over a new leaf, or maybe even consider a career in organic peanut farming. Who knew that the key to crime prevention in Georgia was simply to say, "Johnny, don't be there"? The Johnny-come-lately burglars realized that it was better to find a new line of work than to be forever known as the ones who couldn't even steal a little Johns's spotlight. It's a name game that inadvertently led to a decrease in illicit activity, and now the state can breathe a sigh of relief and say, "Georgia, on my mind, but not in my house!"

Model: dalle-3
Prompt: Generate an aerial view illustration of a lush, idyllic village in the style of Skyrim, where children happily play outside while calling out for "Johnny". In the background, depict a police car patrolling the charming neighborhood streets, suggested by the flickering of its sirens and the soft glow of its headlights in the early evening. The scene should evoke warmth and youthful joy juxtaposed with a sense of safety and security. The depiction should include only scenes, people, and objects, it should not include text or speech bubbles.
This image generation prompt was also generated by AI, using the following sequence:

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You select one of a few potential scene descriptors that seems to go along with the variables described. You respond only with the scene descriptions provided and say nothing else.
User prompt: Here are two variables: Popularity of the first name Johnny and Burglaries in Georgia. Given these, which of the following image style descriptions seems most appropriate? Pick the one that seems to be related to one of the variables at hand. Please respond with only one of the following potential descriptions: Scalar art Low poly Cyberpunk A scene from Skyrim 3D Pixar Style
ChatGPT: A scene from Skyrim

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You describe simple visual scenes that depict the two variables stated. You combine both variables into one scene.
User prompt: Please describe a visual scene that prominently depicts both Popularity of the first name Johnny and Burglaries in Georgia together. Keep the description simple.
ChatGPT: A group of children playing outside, shouting "Johnny" and laughing. In the background, a police car patrols the neighborhood streets, keeping a lookout for burglaries.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You write and improve image generation prompts for DALLE-3. You maintain the same subjects, but enhance the visuals.
User prompt: Please respond with an image generation prompt that would be likely to create an interesting visual using DALLE-3, using the following style: [ A scene from Skyrim ] and depicting this scene: A group of children playing outside, shouting "Johnny" and laughing. In the background, a police car patrols the neighborhood streets, keeping a lookout for burglaries. Keep the visual depiction simple. Do not include any words or speech bubbles.
ChatGPT: Generate an aerial view illustration of a lush, idyllic village in the style of Skyrim, where children happily play outside while calling out for "Johnny". In the background, depict a police car patrolling the charming neighborhood streets, suggested by the flickering of its sirens and the soft glow of its headlights in the early evening. The scene should evoke warmth and youthful joy juxtaposed with a sense of safety and security.

*Variations in the User Prompts from chart to chart are just the result of random number generation in Python. I wrote a few arrays of various styles and methods to ask questions to change up the results. Every time this site writes an explanation or generates an image, the script picks from each at random.

I sequence the requests into multiple prompts because I find GPT 3.5 to perform much better with short, well-managed contexts. Thus, I track the context directly in Python and only ask ChatGPT targeted questions.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106 (fine-tuned)
System prompt: You provide humorous responses in the form of plausible sounding explanations for correlations. You assume the correlation is causative for the purpose of the explanation even if it is ridiculous. You do not chat with the user, you only reply with the causal connection explanation and nothing else.
User prompt: Please make up a funny explanation for how a decrease in Popularity of the first name Johnny caused Burglaries in Georgia to decrease. Make it feel plausible.

AI academic paper

(Because p < 0.01)
Johnny Appleseed: An Apple-Solute Correlation Between The Popularity of the Name Johnny and Burglaries in Georgia

The Journal of Quirky Sociological Studies

Jan 2024

Reminder: This paper is AI-generated. Not real!
Quick note: This sequence is long and repetitive. That's how the prompt engineering works for this one. I manage the output in Python to format it into this PDF.




Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a researcher writing an academic paper.You write titles and abstracts of goofy academic research papers.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, and add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please draft the title and abstract of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Johnny and Burglaries in Georgia. You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences.

Include a pun in the title.

Your research team used data from US Social Security Administration and FBI Criminal Justice Information Services to assess this nagging question. You found a correlation coefficient of 0.9638610 and p < 0.01 for 1985 to 2022.

Please respond in this format (replace "Lorem ipsum dolor sit" with your title and abstract)

[[TITLE]]
Lorem ipsum dolor sit

[[ABSTRACT]]
Lorem ipsum dolor sit



ChatGPT:
[[TITLE]]
"Johnny Appleseed: An Apple-Solute Correlation Between The Popularity of the Name Johnny and Burglaries in Georgia"

[[ABSTRACT]]
The age-old question of whether a rose by any other name would still smell as sweet has captivated researchers for centuries. In this study, we took a deep dive into the curious connection between the prevalence of the name "Johnny" and the incidence of burglaries in the state of Georgia. Using a unique combination of data from the US Social Security Administration and the FBI Criminal Justice Information Services, we set out to answer the burning question, "Is Johnny just too 'pop'ular for his own good?"

Our findings revealed a startling correlation coefficient of 0.9638610, suggesting a strong relationship between the popularity of the name Johnny and the occurrence of burglaries in Georgia. With a significance level of p < 0.01 for the time period spanning from 1985 to 2022, the evidence affirms what many have long suspected – the societal impact of a name may extend beyond mere nomenclature. The results also offer a cautionary tale for individuals considering naming their offspring after a notable Johnny, be it Johnny Depp, Johnny Cash, or even Johnny Bravo. As a wise dad once said, "Watch out for those little Johnnies – they may steal more than just your heart."

This study opens the door to further exploration of the influence of names on behavioral outcomes, and serves as a stark reminder that when it comes to statistical analysis, every Johnny has his significance.


Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a researcher writing an academic paper.You draft the introduction section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the introduction section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Johnny and Burglaries in Georgia. You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences. Sneak in some jokes and clever puns about science, research, statistics, and the variables.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
"Johnny Appleseed: An Apple-Solute Correlation Between The Popularity of the Name Johnny and Burglaries in Georgia"

[[ABSTRACT]]
The age-old question of whether a rose by any other name would still smell as sweet has captivated researchers for centuries. In this study, we took a deep dive into the curious connection between the prevalence of the name "Johnny" and the incidence of burglaries in the state of Georgia. Using a unique combination of data from the US Social Security Administration and the FBI Criminal Justice Information Services, we set out to answer the burning question, "Is Johnny just too 'pop'ular for his own good?"

Our findings revealed a startling correlation coefficient of 0.9638610, suggesting a strong relationship between the popularity of the name Johnny and the occurrence of burglaries in Georgia. With a significance level of p < 0.01 for the time period spanning from 1985 to 2022, the evidence affirms what many have long suspected – the societal impact of a name may extend beyond mere nomenclature. The results also offer a cautionary tale for individuals considering naming their offspring after a notable Johnny, be it Johnny Depp, Johnny Cash, or even Johnny Bravo. As a wise dad once said, "Watch out for those little Johnnies – they may steal more than just your heart."

This study opens the door to further exploration of the influence of names on behavioral outcomes, and serves as a stark reminder that when it comes to statistical analysis, every Johnny has his significance.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[INTRODUCTION]]



ChatGPT:
[[INTRODUCTION]]

The study of human behavior has always been as intriguing as trying to understand why the chicken crossed the road - it's all about seeking answers to life's most enigmatic mysteries. One such conundrum that has piqued our curiosity is the potential relationship between the popularity of a name and its influence on criminal activity. As we delve into the realm of statistical analysis, we embark on a journey that aims to uncover whether the name "Johnny" holds the keys to a spike in burglaries in the state of Georgia – prompting us to ask, "Is Johnny a common denominator in breaking and entering, or is there more than meets the 'eye'?"

When it comes to analyzing the correlation between the popularity of a name and criminal behavior, one must tread carefully, akin to walking on statistical eggshells – lest we crack under the pressure of drawing unfounded conclusions. The task at hand necessitates a blend of precision and humor, much like a lab technician's pipette and a comedian's punchline coming together to form a statistical sitcom. It's a delicate balance, but as they say, "Statistics are like a bikini – what they reveal is suggestive, but what they conceal is vital."

The aim of this study is not to vilify the name "Johnny," nor to suggest that those who bear this name are inherently predisposed to criminal activities. As the saying goes, "Never judge a book by its cover, and never judge a Johnny by his name." Rather, we seek to harness the power of data-driven analysis to shed light on the intricate, often enigmatic, relationship between nomenclature and behavior. It's a quest not unlike that of the alchemists of yore, in search of the elusive philosopher’s stone – except in our case, we're after the "name-osopher's stone."


Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a researcher writing an academic paper.You draft a literature review section of an academic research paper, that starts out dry for the first few sentences but then becomes hilarious and goofy.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a literature review section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Johnny and Burglaries in Georgia. You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences.

Speak in the present tense for this section (the authors find...), as is common in academic research paper literature reviews. Name the sources in a format similar to this: In "Book," the authors find lorem and ipsum.

Make up the lorem and ipsum part, but make it sound related to the topic at hand.

Start by naming serious-sounding studies by authors like Smith, Doe, and Jones - but then quickly devolve. Name some real non-fiction books that would be related to the topic. Then name some real fiction books that sound like they could be related. Then name some cartoons and childrens' shows that you watched that are related to the topic.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
"Johnny Appleseed: An Apple-Solute Correlation Between The Popularity of the Name Johnny and Burglaries in Georgia"

[[ABSTRACT]]
The age-old question of whether a rose by any other name would still smell as sweet has captivated researchers for centuries. In this study, we took a deep dive into the curious connection between the prevalence of the name "Johnny" and the incidence of burglaries in the state of Georgia. Using a unique combination of data from the US Social Security Administration and the FBI Criminal Justice Information Services, we set out to answer the burning question, "Is Johnny just too 'pop'ular for his own good?"

Our findings revealed a startling correlation coefficient of 0.9638610, suggesting a strong relationship between the popularity of the name Johnny and the occurrence of burglaries in Georgia. With a significance level of p < 0.01 for the time period spanning from 1985 to 2022, the evidence affirms what many have long suspected – the societal impact of a name may extend beyond mere nomenclature. The results also offer a cautionary tale for individuals considering naming their offspring after a notable Johnny, be it Johnny Depp, Johnny Cash, or even Johnny Bravo. As a wise dad once said, "Watch out for those little Johnnies – they may steal more than just your heart."

This study opens the door to further exploration of the influence of names on behavioral outcomes, and serves as a stark reminder that when it comes to statistical analysis, every Johnny has his significance.

-------

And here is the introduction section that led to this literature review:
[[INTRODUCTION]]
The study of human behavior has always been as intriguing as trying to understand why the chicken crossed the road - it's all about seeking answers to life's most enigmatic mysteries. One such conundrum that has piqued our curiosity is the potential relationship between the popularity of a name and its influence on criminal activity. As we delve into the realm of statistical analysis, we embark on a journey that aims to uncover whether the name "Johnny" holds the keys to a spike in burglaries in the state of Georgia – prompting us to ask, "Is Johnny a common denominator in breaking and entering, or is there more than meets the 'eye'?"
When it comes to analyzing the correlation between the popularity of a name and criminal behavior, one must tread carefully, akin to walking on statistical eggshells – lest we crack under the pressure of drawing unfounded conclusions. The task at hand necessitates a blend of precision and humor, much like a lab technician's pipette and a comedian's punchline coming together to form a statistical sitcom. It's a delicate balance, but as they say, "Statistics are like a bikini – what they reveal is suggestive, but what they conceal is vital."
The aim of this study is not to vilify the name "Johnny," nor to suggest that those who bear this name are inherently predisposed to criminal activities. As the saying goes, "Never judge a book by its cover, and never judge a Johnny by his name." Rather, we seek to harness the power of data-driven analysis to shed light on the intricate, often enigmatic, relationship between nomenclature and behavior. It's a quest not unlike that of the alchemists of yore, in search of the elusive philosopher’s stone – except in our case, we're after the "name-osopher's stone."

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]



ChatGPT:
[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

The research on the influence of names on human behavior has a long and storied history, dating back to the seminal work of Smith and Doe in their groundbreaking study "Appellations and Anomalies: Unraveling the Mysteries of Monikers." In their thorough analysis of the societal implications of names, Smith and Doe laid the foundation for future investigations into the potential connections between nomenclature and behavioral patterns.

As we combed through the literature, it became evident that the influence of names extends beyond mere curiosity, delving into the realm of statistical inquiry. The study by Jones et al. in "The Name Game: A Statistical Odyssey" provided invaluable insights into the intricate relationship between names and societal phenomena, setting the stage for our exploration of the equally intriguing correlation between the name "Johnny" and burglaries in Georgia.

Now, let's take a moment to reflect on a different kind of literature. Imagine how intriguing it would be if "The Art of Being Johnny: An Insider's Guide to Life, Love, and Larceny" actually existed. Or perhaps "The Chronicles of Johnny: The Thief's Tale," a fictitious narrative that may offer a whimsical portrayal of the supposed misadventures of Johnnys across time and space. Ah, the boundless possibilities of imaginary literature!

With a nod to the childhood favorites, we couldn't overlook the timeless allure of cartoons and children's shows. Who could forget the escapades of Johnny Test, a mischievous young boy with a penchant for trouble? And then there's Johnny Bravo, whose larger-than-life persona and dubious charm may very well have inspired a legion of fictional Johnny burglars. It appears that the allure of mischief knows no bounds, whether in real life or animated antics.

In the words of Mark Twain, "The only thing that’s impossible is impossibility," and indeed, our foray into the correlation between the popularity of the name Johnny and burglaries in Georgia has been nothing short of revelatory. As we sifted through the literature, we couldn't help but marvel at the quirky juxtaposition of scholarly discourse and whimsical musings. It's a testament to the intriguing interplay of academic rigor and a pinch of levity, much like the enigmatic connection between a name and its impact on societal trends.

The journey into the whimsical world of Johnny and burglaries may seem improbable, but as Albert Einstein once quipped, "The only source of knowledge is experience." And so, with a twinkle in our eyes and a dash of statistical wizardry, we set out to unravel the whimsical mysteries of Johnny and the curious case of the pilfering penchant.


Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a researcher writing an academic paper.You draft the methodology section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the methodology section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Johnny and Burglaries in Georgia. You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences. Sneak in some jokes and clever puns about science, research, statistics, and the variables.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from US Social Security Administration and FBI Criminal Justice Information Services . You used data from 1985 to 2022

Make up the research methods you don't know. Make them a bit goofy and convoluted.

Here is the title, abstract, and introduction of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
"Johnny Appleseed: An Apple-Solute Correlation Between The Popularity of the Name Johnny and Burglaries in Georgia"

[[ABSTRACT]]
The age-old question of whether a rose by any other name would still smell as sweet has captivated researchers for centuries. In this study, we took a deep dive into the curious connection between the prevalence of the name "Johnny" and the incidence of burglaries in the state of Georgia. Using a unique combination of data from the US Social Security Administration and the FBI Criminal Justice Information Services, we set out to answer the burning question, "Is Johnny just too 'pop'ular for his own good?"

Our findings revealed a startling correlation coefficient of 0.9638610, suggesting a strong relationship between the popularity of the name Johnny and the occurrence of burglaries in Georgia. With a significance level of p < 0.01 for the time period spanning from 1985 to 2022, the evidence affirms what many have long suspected – the societal impact of a name may extend beyond mere nomenclature. The results also offer a cautionary tale for individuals considering naming their offspring after a notable Johnny, be it Johnny Depp, Johnny Cash, or even Johnny Bravo. As a wise dad once said, "Watch out for those little Johnnies – they may steal more than just your heart."

This study opens the door to further exploration of the influence of names on behavioral outcomes, and serves as a stark reminder that when it comes to statistical analysis, every Johnny has his significance.

[[INTRODUCTION]]
The study of human behavior has always been as intriguing as trying to understand why the chicken crossed the road - it's all about seeking answers to life's most enigmatic mysteries. One such conundrum that has piqued our curiosity is the potential relationship between the popularity of a name and its influence on criminal activity. As we delve into the realm of statistical analysis, we embark on a journey that aims to uncover whether the name "Johnny" holds the keys to a spike in burglaries in the state of Georgia – prompting us to ask, "Is Johnny a common denominator in breaking and entering, or is there more than meets the 'eye'?"
When it comes to analyzing the correlation between the popularity of a name and criminal behavior, one must tread carefully, akin to walking on statistical eggshells – lest we crack under the pressure of drawing unfounded conclusions. The task at hand necessitates a blend of precision and humor, much like a lab technician's pipette and a comedian's punchline coming together to form a statistical sitcom. It's a delicate balance, but as they say, "Statistics are like a bikini – what they reveal is suggestive, but what they conceal is vital."
The aim of this study is not to vilify the name "Johnny," nor to suggest that those who bear this name are inherently predisposed to criminal activities. As the saying goes, "Never judge a book by its cover, and never judge a Johnny by his name." Rather, we seek to harness the power of data-driven analysis to shed light on the intricate, often enigmatic, relationship between nomenclature and behavior. It's a quest not unlike that of the alchemists of yore, in search of the elusive philosopher’s stone – except in our case, we're after the "name-osopher's stone."

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[METHODOLOGY]]



ChatGPT:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

To explore the undeniable correlation between the popularity of the name "Johnny" and the frequency of burglaries in the state of Georgia, we embarked on an adventure rife with data collection and statistical gymnastics. Our quest began by plundering the bountiful treasure troves of the US Social Security Administration and the FBI Criminal Justice Information Services, the virtual brigands of information for the time period spanning from 1985 to 2022. Our motley crew of intrepid researchers scoured through decades of data, armed with an insatiable curiosity and an unhealthy addiction to caffeinated beverages – for when crunching numbers, one must always be ready to "espresso" themselves.

After amassing an impressive arsenal of data, we enlisted the help of cutting-edge statistical tools to wrangle and wrestle the numbers into submission. Our trusty sidekicks, SPSS and R, became our partners in crime – or rather, partners in uncovering the potential crimes with "Johnny" at the helm. We kneaded the data as meticulously as a baker crafting the perfect sourdough, ensuring that our statistical loaf would rise to the occasion.

To quantify the popularity of the name "Johnny," we tapped into the vast reservoir of baby names registered with the US Social Security Administration. Here, we measured the frequency of occurrences of the name "Johnny" over the years, with unfathomable attention to detail – after all, when it comes to names, the devil is in the "digits." Our methodology involved extracting, scrutinizing, and scrutinizing some more, until we had a comprehensive understanding of the ebb and flow of Johnny's presence in the naming lexicon.

Concurrently, we delved into the vexing realm of burglary data provided by the FBI Criminal Justice Information Services. We discerned and dissected the crime statistics with surgical precision, unraveling the intricacies of burglary occurrences in the state of Georgia. Like Sherlock with a magnifying glass, we scoured the data for any sign of Johnny's nefarious influence, discerning patterns and anomalies like a seer gazing into a crystal ball – or in this case, a data crystal ball.

Upon triumphing over the labyrinthine maze of data, we let loose the statistical hounds to conduct correlation analyses that would make even the most ardent data enthusiast swoon. The tantalizing prospect of uncovering a significant correlation between the occurrences of the name "Johnny" and the incidence of burglaries in Georgia propelled us forward with the vigor of a caffeinated Shakespearean actor – to "p or not to p, that is the question."

As the dust settled and the statistical stars aligned, we arrived at a correlation coefficient of 0.9638610, a figure that rivaled the fervor of a thousand freshmen at a "Johnny Depp" movie premiere. With a significance level of p < 0.01, our findings bore the unmistakable stamp of statistical significance, affirming that the rise and fall of Johnny's popularity mirrored the ebb and flow of burglaries in the Peach State.

In conclusion, our methodology combined the precision of a surgeon with the wit of a court jester, navigating through oceans of data to uncover the curious connection between the name "Johnny" and burglaries in Georgia. Like a ship sailing through uncharted waters, we braved the tides of statistical analysis, emerging victorious in our quest to elucidate the enigmatic relationship between nomenclature and criminal behavior. And as for the dad joke quota, we've lived up to the maxim: "When it comes to research, always make time for a 'pop'-ular dad joke, even if it 'burglar's" into your methodology."


Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a researcher writing an academic paper.You draft the results section of an academic research paper. You speak in the past tense (you found...).
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the results section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Johnny and Burglaries in Georgia. You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences. Sneak in some jokes and clever puns about science, research, statistics, and the variables.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from US Social Security Administration and FBI Criminal Justice Information Services .

For the time period 1985 to 2022, you found a correlation 0.9638610, r-squared of 0.9290280, and p < 0.01.

One figure will be included. The figure (Fig. 1) is a scatterplot showing the strong correlation between the two variables. You don't need to specify where; I will add the figure.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
"Johnny Appleseed: An Apple-Solute Correlation Between The Popularity of the Name Johnny and Burglaries in Georgia"

[[ABSTRACT]]
The age-old question of whether a rose by any other name would still smell as sweet has captivated researchers for centuries. In this study, we took a deep dive into the curious connection between the prevalence of the name "Johnny" and the incidence of burglaries in the state of Georgia. Using a unique combination of data from the US Social Security Administration and the FBI Criminal Justice Information Services, we set out to answer the burning question, "Is Johnny just too 'pop'ular for his own good?"

Our findings revealed a startling correlation coefficient of 0.9638610, suggesting a strong relationship between the popularity of the name Johnny and the occurrence of burglaries in Georgia. With a significance level of p < 0.01 for the time period spanning from 1985 to 2022, the evidence affirms what many have long suspected – the societal impact of a name may extend beyond mere nomenclature. The results also offer a cautionary tale for individuals considering naming their offspring after a notable Johnny, be it Johnny Depp, Johnny Cash, or even Johnny Bravo. As a wise dad once said, "Watch out for those little Johnnies – they may steal more than just your heart."

This study opens the door to further exploration of the influence of names on behavioral outcomes, and serves as a stark reminder that when it comes to statistical analysis, every Johnny has his significance.

-------

And here is the methodology section that led to this result:
[[METHODOLOGY]]
The study of human behavior has always been as intriguing as trying to understand why the chicken crossed the road - it's all about seeking answers to life's most enigmatic mysteries. One such conundrum that has piqued our curiosity is the potential relationship between the popularity of a name and its influence on criminal activity. As we delve into the realm of statistical analysis, we embark on a journey that aims to uncover whether the name "Johnny" holds the keys to a spike in burglaries in the state of Georgia – prompting us to ask, "Is Johnny a common denominator in breaking and entering, or is there more than meets the 'eye'?"
When it comes to analyzing the correlation between the popularity of a name and criminal behavior, one must tread carefully, akin to walking on statistical eggshells – lest we crack under the pressure of drawing unfounded conclusions. The task at hand necessitates a blend of precision and humor, much like a lab technician's pipette and a comedian's punchline coming together to form a statistical sitcom. It's a delicate balance, but as they say, "Statistics are like a bikini – what they reveal is suggestive, but what they conceal is vital."
The aim of this study is not to vilify the name "Johnny," nor to suggest that those who bear this name are inherently predisposed to criminal activities. As the saying goes, "Never judge a book by its cover, and never judge a Johnny by his name." Rather, we seek to harness the power of data-driven analysis to shed light on the intricate, often enigmatic, relationship between nomenclature and behavior. It's a quest not unlike that of the alchemists of yore, in search of the elusive philosopher’s stone – except in our case, we're after the "name-osopher's stone."

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[RESULTS]]



ChatGPT:

[[RESULTS]]

Our analysis yielded a remarkable correlation coefficient of 0.9638610, indicating a highly significant association between the frequency of the name "Johnny" and the incidence of burglaries in the state of Georgia from 1985 to 2022. To put it in layman's terms, the connection between the name "Johnny" and burglaries is as strong as the gravitational pull of a dad joke – it's hard to resist.

The strength of the correlation, as evidenced by an r-squared of 0.9290280, suggests that approximately 92.9% of the variation in burglaries can be explained by changes in the popularity of the name "Johnny." In other words, the impact of the name "Johnny" on burglaries is about as statistically significant as the impact of caffeine on a Monday morning – undeniable.

Our findings provide compelling evidence that the name "Johnny" may have an influential role in shaping societal behavior and crime rates. Much like the ripple effect of dropping a rock into a pond, the influence of this moniker extends far beyond mere identity and permeates into the realm of criminal statistics. Perhaps it's time for a new saying: "Strong correlations are like good jokes – they'll leave you pondering long after they're told."

Furthermore, the scatterplot (Fig. 1) illustrates the pronounced relationship between the frequency of the name "Johnny" and burglaries in Georgia, resembling a constellation of data points that tell a story as old as time – or at least as old as the name "Johnny."

These results not only validate the suspicion that the name "Johnny" wields a significant impact on criminal activity but also highlight the need for further research into the societal implications of nomenclature. This study indicates that the concept of causation may not be as clear-cut as we once thought, prompting us to broaden our horizons beyond the confines of traditional explanatory variables. As they say, "When life hands you correlations, make correlation-laden lemonade."

Stay tuned for more revelations from our research. Remember, when it comes to statistical analysis, correlations are like toddlers - they're always making a point, even when it seems like chaos.


Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a researcher writing an academic paper.You draft the discussion section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the discussion section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Johnny and Burglaries in Georgia. You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences. Sneak in some jokes and clever puns about science, research, statistics, and the variables.

Limit your response to 500 tokens.

Here are the title, abstract, literature review, and results sections. Please harken back to 1-2 of the goofy items in the literature review, but pretend to take them completely seriously. Discuss how your results supported the prior research.

Do not write a conclusion. I will add a conclusion after this.

[[TITLE]]
"Johnny Appleseed: An Apple-Solute Correlation Between The Popularity of the Name Johnny and Burglaries in Georgia"

[[ABSTRACT]]
The age-old question of whether a rose by any other name would still smell as sweet has captivated researchers for centuries. In this study, we took a deep dive into the curious connection between the prevalence of the name "Johnny" and the incidence of burglaries in the state of Georgia. Using a unique combination of data from the US Social Security Administration and the FBI Criminal Justice Information Services, we set out to answer the burning question, "Is Johnny just too 'pop'ular for his own good?"

Our findings revealed a startling correlation coefficient of 0.9638610, suggesting a strong relationship between the popularity of the name Johnny and the occurrence of burglaries in Georgia. With a significance level of p < 0.01 for the time period spanning from 1985 to 2022, the evidence affirms what many have long suspected – the societal impact of a name may extend beyond mere nomenclature. The results also offer a cautionary tale for individuals considering naming their offspring after a notable Johnny, be it Johnny Depp, Johnny Cash, or even Johnny Bravo. As a wise dad once said, "Watch out for those little Johnnies – they may steal more than just your heart."

This study opens the door to further exploration of the influence of names on behavioral outcomes, and serves as a stark reminder that when it comes to statistical analysis, every Johnny has his significance.

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]
The research on the influence of names on human behavior has a long and storied history, dating back to the seminal work of Smith and Doe in their groundbreaking study "Appellations and Anomalies: Unraveling the Mysteries of Monikers." In their thorough analysis of the societal implications of names, Smith and Doe laid the foundation for future investigations into the potential connections between nomenclature and behavioral patterns.
As we combed through the literature, it became evident that the influence of names extends beyond mere curiosity, delving into the realm of statistical inquiry. The study by Jones et al. in "The Name Game: A Statistical Odyssey" provided invaluable insights into the intricate relationship between names and societal phenomena, setting the stage for our exploration of the equally intriguing correlation between the name "Johnny" and burglaries in Georgia.
Now, let's take a moment to reflect on a different kind of literature. Imagine how intriguing it would be if "The Art of Being Johnny: An Insider's Guide to Life, Love, and Larceny" actually existed. Or perhaps "The Chronicles of Johnny: The Thief's Tale," a fictitious narrative that may offer a whimsical portrayal of the supposed misadventures of Johnnys across time and space. Ah, the boundless possibilities of imaginary literature!
With a nod to the childhood favorites, we couldn't overlook the timeless allure of cartoons and children's shows. Who could forget the escapades of Johnny Test, a mischievous young boy with a penchant for trouble? And then there's Johnny Bravo, whose larger-than-life persona and dubious charm may very well have inspired a legion of fictional Johnny burglars. It appears that the allure of mischief knows no bounds, whether in real life or animated antics.
In the words of Mark Twain, "The only thing that’s impossible is impossibility," and indeed, our foray into the correlation between the popularity of the name Johnny and burglaries in Georgia has been nothing short of revelatory. As we sifted through the literature, we couldn't help but marvel at the quirky juxtaposition of scholarly discourse and whimsical musings. It's a testament to the intriguing interplay of academic rigor and a pinch of levity, much like the enigmatic connection between a name and its impact on societal trends.
The journey into the whimsical world of Johnny and burglaries may seem improbable, but as Albert Einstein once quipped, "The only source of knowledge is experience." And so, with a twinkle in our eyes and a dash of statistical wizardry, we set out to unravel the whimsical mysteries of Johnny and the curious case of the pilfering penchant.

[[RESULTS]]
Our analysis yielded a remarkable correlation coefficient of 0.9638610, indicating a highly significant association between the frequency of the name "Johnny" and the incidence of burglaries in the state of Georgia from 1985 to 2022. To put it in layman's terms, the connection between the name "Johnny" and burglaries is as strong as the gravitational pull of a dad joke – it's hard to resist.
The strength of the correlation, as evidenced by an r-squared of 0.9290280, suggests that approximately 92.9% of the variation in burglaries can be explained by changes in the popularity of the name "Johnny." In other words, the impact of the name "Johnny" on burglaries is about as statistically significant as the impact of caffeine on a Monday morning – undeniable.
Our findings provide compelling evidence that the name "Johnny" may have an influential role in shaping societal behavior and crime rates. Much like the ripple effect of dropping a rock into a pond, the influence of this moniker extends far beyond mere identity and permeates into the realm of criminal statistics. Perhaps it's time for a new saying: "Strong correlations are like good jokes – they'll leave you pondering long after they're told."
Furthermore, the scatterplot (Fig. 1) illustrates the pronounced relationship between the frequency of the name "Johnny" and burglaries in Georgia, resembling a constellation of data points that tell a story as old as time – or at least as old as the name "Johnny."
These results not only validate the suspicion that the name "Johnny" wields a significant impact on criminal activity but also highlight the need for further research into the societal implications of nomenclature. This study indicates that the concept of causation may not be as clear-cut as we once thought, prompting us to broaden our horizons beyond the confines of traditional explanatory variables. As they say, "When life hands you correlations, make correlation-laden lemonade."
Stay tuned for more revelations from our research. Remember, when it comes to statistical analysis, correlations are like toddlers - they're always making a point, even when it seems like chaos.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[DISCUSSION]]



ChatGPT:

The correlation between the popularity of the name "Johnny" and the incidence of burglaries in Georgia is a discovery that teases the imagination, much like debating a complex scientific theory over a plate of apple pie – it leaves you craving more. Our findings, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9638610, not only confirm the earlier work of Smith and Doe and the statistical odyssey of Jones et al., but also add a new chapter to the whimsical world of nomenclature and its influence on societal phenomena.

As we delved into the data, it became quite evident that the name "Johnny" holds a weighty influence on the occurrence of burglaries in the Peach State, not unlike the gravitational force one feels when stepping on a scale after indulging in too much peach cobbler. Our results can be likened to finding the missing piece to a perplexing puzzle – unexpected, yet undeniably satisfying.

The stark relationship between the frequency of the name "Johnny" and burglaries in Georgia mirrors the enduring appeal of a classic dad joke – it may seem predictable, but it never fails to elicit a chuckle. The scatterplot (Fig. 1) presents a narrative as compelling as an enthralling bedtime story, where each data point becomes a character in the captivating tale of Johnny and the curious case of the stolen pies.

Our study, much like the enigmatic allure of a captivating magic trick, underscores the need for deeper exploration into the influence of names on societal behavior. It's as if we've stumbled upon a treasure trove of statistical intrigue, offering a glimpse into a world where the mundane and the extraordinary converge, not unlike the unlikely pairing of Sherlock Holmes and a cereal box detective. Our findings emphasize the captivating potential of seemingly ordinary variables, much like discovering a hidden punchline in a seemingly serious debate.

As we continue our journey into the unpredictable world of statistical analyses, one thing remains abundantly clear – when it comes to the impact of a name, be it "Johnny" or otherwise, the story is far from over. The correlation between names and behavior, much like the allure of a good pun, promises a journey of endless discovery and unexpected revelations. After all, in the realm of research, as in life, the unexpected correlations are like the underappreciated punchlines of a well-crafted dad joke – they leave you pondering long after they're told.


Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a researcher writing an academic paper.You draft the discussion section of goofy academic research papers that sounds like it belongs based on the title and abstract provided.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a short conclusion of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Johnny and Burglaries in Georgia. You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences. Sneak in some jokes and clever puns about science, research, statistics, and the variables.

Limit your response to 300 tokens. At the very end, assert that no more research is needed in this area.

Here are the title, abstract, introduction, and results sections.
[[TITLE]]
"Johnny Appleseed: An Apple-Solute Correlation Between The Popularity of the Name Johnny and Burglaries in Georgia"

[[ABSTRACT]]
The age-old question of whether a rose by any other name would still smell as sweet has captivated researchers for centuries. In this study, we took a deep dive into the curious connection between the prevalence of the name "Johnny" and the incidence of burglaries in the state of Georgia. Using a unique combination of data from the US Social Security Administration and the FBI Criminal Justice Information Services, we set out to answer the burning question, "Is Johnny just too 'pop'ular for his own good?"

Our findings revealed a startling correlation coefficient of 0.9638610, suggesting a strong relationship between the popularity of the name Johnny and the occurrence of burglaries in Georgia. With a significance level of p < 0.01 for the time period spanning from 1985 to 2022, the evidence affirms what many have long suspected – the societal impact of a name may extend beyond mere nomenclature. The results also offer a cautionary tale for individuals considering naming their offspring after a notable Johnny, be it Johnny Depp, Johnny Cash, or even Johnny Bravo. As a wise dad once said, "Watch out for those little Johnnies – they may steal more than just your heart."

This study opens the door to further exploration of the influence of names on behavioral outcomes, and serves as a stark reminder that when it comes to statistical analysis, every Johnny has his significance.

[[INTRDUCTION]]
The study of human behavior has always been as intriguing as trying to understand why the chicken crossed the road - it's all about seeking answers to life's most enigmatic mysteries. One such conundrum that has piqued our curiosity is the potential relationship between the popularity of a name and its influence on criminal activity. As we delve into the realm of statistical analysis, we embark on a journey that aims to uncover whether the name "Johnny" holds the keys to a spike in burglaries in the state of Georgia – prompting us to ask, "Is Johnny a common denominator in breaking and entering, or is there more than meets the 'eye'?"
When it comes to analyzing the correlation between the popularity of a name and criminal behavior, one must tread carefully, akin to walking on statistical eggshells – lest we crack under the pressure of drawing unfounded conclusions. The task at hand necessitates a blend of precision and humor, much like a lab technician's pipette and a comedian's punchline coming together to form a statistical sitcom. It's a delicate balance, but as they say, "Statistics are like a bikini – what they reveal is suggestive, but what they conceal is vital."
The aim of this study is not to vilify the name "Johnny," nor to suggest that those who bear this name are inherently predisposed to criminal activities. As the saying goes, "Never judge a book by its cover, and never judge a Johnny by his name." Rather, we seek to harness the power of data-driven analysis to shed light on the intricate, often enigmatic, relationship between nomenclature and behavior. It's a quest not unlike that of the alchemists of yore, in search of the elusive philosopher’s stone – except in our case, we're after the "name-osopher's stone."

[[RESULTS]]
Our analysis yielded a remarkable correlation coefficient of 0.9638610, indicating a highly significant association between the frequency of the name "Johnny" and the incidence of burglaries in the state of Georgia from 1985 to 2022. To put it in layman's terms, the connection between the name "Johnny" and burglaries is as strong as the gravitational pull of a dad joke – it's hard to resist.
The strength of the correlation, as evidenced by an r-squared of 0.9290280, suggests that approximately 92.9% of the variation in burglaries can be explained by changes in the popularity of the name "Johnny." In other words, the impact of the name "Johnny" on burglaries is about as statistically significant as the impact of caffeine on a Monday morning – undeniable.
Our findings provide compelling evidence that the name "Johnny" may have an influential role in shaping societal behavior and crime rates. Much like the ripple effect of dropping a rock into a pond, the influence of this moniker extends far beyond mere identity and permeates into the realm of criminal statistics. Perhaps it's time for a new saying: "Strong correlations are like good jokes – they'll leave you pondering long after they're told."
Furthermore, the scatterplot (Fig. 1) illustrates the pronounced relationship between the frequency of the name "Johnny" and burglaries in Georgia, resembling a constellation of data points that tell a story as old as time – or at least as old as the name "Johnny."
These results not only validate the suspicion that the name "Johnny" wields a significant impact on criminal activity but also highlight the need for further research into the societal implications of nomenclature. This study indicates that the concept of causation may not be as clear-cut as we once thought, prompting us to broaden our horizons beyond the confines of traditional explanatory variables. As they say, "When life hands you correlations, make correlation-laden lemonade."
Stay tuned for more revelations from our research. Remember, when it comes to statistical analysis, correlations are like toddlers - they're always making a point, even when it seems like chaos.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[CONCLUSION]]



ChatGPT:

[[CONCLUSION]]

In conclusion, our study has unveiled a compelling correlation between the popularity of the name "Johnny" and the occurrence of burglaries in Georgia. Our findings indicate that the influence of a name can extend beyond mere semantics and shape societal behavior in unforeseen ways. It seems that when it comes to naming children, one might want to think twice before dubbing them "Johnny." After all, too many Johnnies might lead to an increase in "break-and-entering Johnnies." This correlation is as clear as day - or rather, as clear as Johnny's day.

As we wrap up this study, we can't help but remind ourselves of the old adage, "An apple a day keeps the doctor away, but a Johnny might attract burglars in some way." When it comes to unraveling the mysteries of nomenclature and its impact, our research has proven that statistical analysis can be as whimsical and unpredictable as a game of musical chairs at a statistics conference. We have certainly uncovered a statistical goldmine in this peculiar relationship, akin to stumbling upon a pot of statistical gold at the end of a rainbow plot.

In light of our findings, we assert with great dad joke pride that further research in this area is as necessary as a fish needs a bicycle. That's right, no more research is needed in this area. After all, when it comes to statistical research, sometimes it's best to leave well enough alone – much like a good dad joke, it's best not to overanalyze it.


Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of academic journals. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding research, scientific, or academic journal that would publish a paper entited Johnny Appleseed: An Apple-Solute Correlation Between The Popularity of the Name Johnny and Burglaries in Georgia. Respond only with the name of a fictional academic journal.

ChatGPT:

The Journal of Quirky Sociological Studies


Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of nonprofit research organizations and associations. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding nonprofit, academic, or scientific association or organization that would sponsor research that resulted in a paper entited Johnny Appleseed: An Apple-Solute Correlation Between The Popularity of the Name Johnny and Burglaries in Georgia. Respond only with the name of a fictional organization.

ChatGPT:

The Institute for Quirky Sociological Studies


Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide potential search keywords separated by commas. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide potential search keywords for a paper titled Johnny Appleseed: An Apple-Solute Correlation Between The Popularity of the Name Johnny and Burglaries in Georgia with an abstract of The age-old question of whether a rose by any other name would still smell as sweet has captivated researchers for centuries. In this study, we took a deep dive into the curious connection between the prevalence of the name "Johnny" and the incidence of burglaries in the state of Georgia. Using a unique combination of data from the US Social Security Administration and the FBI Criminal Justice Information Services, we set out to answer the burning question, "Is Johnny just too 'pop'ular for his own good?"
Our findings revealed a startling correlation coefficient of 0.9638610, suggesting a strong relationship between the popularity of the name Johnny and the occurrence of burglaries in Georgia. With a significance level of p < 0.01 for the time period spanning from 1985 to 2022, the evidence affirms what many have long suspected – the societal impact of a name may extend beyond mere nomenclature. The results also offer a cautionary tale for individuals considering naming their offspring after a notable Johnny, be it Johnny Depp, Johnny Cash, or even Johnny Bravo. As a wise dad once said, "Watch out for those little Johnnies – they may steal more than just your heart."
This study opens the door to further exploration of the influence of names on behavioral outcomes, and serves as a stark reminder that when it comes to statistical analysis, every Johnny has his significance.

ChatGPT:

Johnny, Appleseed, name popularity, burglaries, Georgia, correlation, US Social Security Administration, FBI Criminal Justice Information Services, nomenclature, societal impact, statistical analysis, behavioral outcomes

*There is a bunch of Python happening behind the scenes to turn this prompt sequence into a PDF.



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Data details

Popularity of the first name Johnny
Detailed data title: Babies of all sexes born in the US named Johnny
Source: US Social Security Administration
See what else correlates with Popularity of the first name Johnny

Burglaries in Georgia
Detailed data title: The burglary rate per 100,000 residents in Georgia
Source: FBI Criminal Justice Information Services
See what else correlates with Burglaries in Georgia

Correlation r = 0.9638610 (Pearson correlation coefficient)
Correlation is a measure of how much the variables move together. If it is 0.99, when one goes up the other goes up. If it is 0.02, the connection is very weak or non-existent. If it is -0.99, then when one goes up the other goes down. If it is 1.00, you probably messed up your correlation function.

r2 = 0.9290280 (Coefficient of determination)
This means 92.9% of the change in the one variable (i.e., Burglaries in Georgia) is predictable based on the change in the other (i.e., Popularity of the first name Johnny) over the 38 years from 1985 through 2022.

p < 0.01, which is statistically significant(Null hypothesis significance test)
The p-value is 2.9E-22. 0.0000000000000000000002853994
The p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme. More specifically the p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme if we had only tested one pair of variables one time.

But I am a p-villain. I absolutely did not test only one pair of variables one time. I correlated hundreds of millions of pairs of variables. I threw boatloads of data into an industrial-sized blender to find this correlation.

Who is going to stop me? p-value reporting doesn't require me to report how many calculations I had to go through in order to find a low p-value!
On average, you will find a correaltion as strong as 0.96 in 2.9E-20% of random cases. Said differently, if you correlated 3,503,861,605,875,835,731,968 random variables You don't actually need 3 sextillion variables to find a correlation like this one. I don't have that many variables in my database. You can also correlate variables that are not independent. I do this a lot.

p-value calculations are useful for understanding the probability of a result happening by chance. They are most useful when used to highlight the risk of a fluke outcome. For example, if you calculate a p-value of 0.30, the risk that the result is a fluke is high. It is good to know that! But there are lots of ways to get a p-value of less than 0.01, as evidenced by this project.

In this particular case, the values are so extreme as to be meaningless. That's why no one reports p-values with specificity after they drop below 0.01.

Just to be clear: I'm being completely transparent about the calculations. There is no math trickery. This is just how statistics shakes out when you calculate hundreds of millions of random correlations.
with the same 37 degrees of freedom, Degrees of freedom is a measure of how many free components we are testing. In this case it is 37 because we have two variables measured over a period of 38 years. It's just the number of years minus ( the number of variables minus one ), which in this case simplifies to the number of years minus one.
you would randomly expect to find a correlation as strong as this one.

[ 0.93, 0.98 ] 95% correlation confidence interval (using the Fisher z-transformation)
The confidence interval is an estimate the range of the value of the correlation coefficient, using the correlation itself as an input. The values are meant to be the low and high end of the correlation coefficient with 95% confidence.

This one is a bit more complciated than the other calculations, but I include it because many people have been pushing for confidence intervals instead of p-value calculations (for example: NEJM. However, if you are dredging data, you can reliably find yourself in the 5%. That's my goal!


All values for the years included above: If I were being very sneaky, I could trim years from the beginning or end of the datasets to increase the correlation on some pairs of variables. I don't do that because there are already plenty of correlations in my database without monkeying with the years.

Still, sometimes one of the variables has more years of data available than the other. This page only shows the overlapping years. To see all the years, click on "See what else correlates with..." link above.
19851986198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022
Popularity of the first name Johnny (Babies born)22302231223022892311249722602116197619641703161714771494150214701546144913751327140014631512148313531301125712481336119411591047978953852798724800
Burglaries in Georgia (Burglary rate)1356.61453.11552.11610.81712.51619.41514.71442.81307.31153.91059.91114.81086.3990.8917.1836.6854.2865.3910.5930.6924.9909.29461038.31003.2998.2978.5877.3835772.8668.2608.1531.7445.4352.6290.7203.7217.8




Why this works

  1. Data dredging: I have 25,153 variables in my database. I compare all these variables against each other to find ones that randomly match up. That's 632,673,409 correlation calculations! This is called “data dredging.” Instead of starting with a hypothesis and testing it, I instead abused the data to see what correlations shake out. It’s a dangerous way to go about analysis, because any sufficiently large dataset will yield strong correlations completely at random.
  2. Lack of causal connection: There is probably Because these pages are automatically generated, it's possible that the two variables you are viewing are in fact causually related. I take steps to prevent the obvious ones from showing on the site (I don't let data about the weather in one city correlate with the weather in a neighboring city, for example), but sometimes they still pop up. If they are related, cool! You found a loophole.
    no direct connection between these variables, despite what the AI says above. This is exacerbated by the fact that I used "Years" as the base variable. Lots of things happen in a year that are not related to each other! Most studies would use something like "one person" in stead of "one year" to be the "thing" studied.
  3. Observations not independent: For many variables, sequential years are not independent of each other. If a population of people is continuously doing something every day, there is no reason to think they would suddenly change how they are doing that thing on January 1. A simple Personally I don't find any p-value calculation to be 'simple,' but you know what I mean.
    p-value calculation does not take this into account, so mathematically it appears less probable than it really is.




Try it yourself

You can calculate the values on this page on your own! Try running the Python code to see the calculation results. Step 1: Download and install Python on your computer.

Step 2: Open a plaintext editor like Notepad and paste the code below into it.

Step 3: Save the file as "calculate_correlation.py" in a place you will remember, like your desktop. Copy the file location to your clipboard. On Windows, you can right-click the file and click "Properties," and then copy what comes after "Location:" As an example, on my computer the location is "C:\Users\tyler\Desktop"

Step 4: Open a command line window. For example, by pressing start and typing "cmd" and them pressing enter.

Step 5: Install the required modules by typing "pip install numpy", then pressing enter, then typing "pip install scipy", then pressing enter.

Step 6: Navigate to the location where you saved the Python file by using the "cd" command. For example, I would type "cd C:\Users\tyler\Desktop" and push enter.

Step 7: Run the Python script by typing "python calculate_correlation.py"

If you run into any issues, I suggest asking ChatGPT to walk you through installing Python and running the code below on your system. Try this question:

"Walk me through installing Python on my computer to run a script that uses scipy and numpy. Go step-by-step and ask me to confirm before moving on. Start by asking me questions about my operating system so that you know how to proceed. Assume I want the simplest installation with the latest version of Python and that I do not currently have any of the necessary elements installed. Remember to only give me one step per response and confirm I have done it before proceeding."


# These modules make it easier to perform the calculation
import numpy as np
from scipy import stats

# We'll define a function that we can call to return the correlation calculations
def calculate_correlation(array1, array2):

    # Calculate Pearson correlation coefficient and p-value
    correlation, p_value = stats.pearsonr(array1, array2)

    # Calculate R-squared as the square of the correlation coefficient
    r_squared = correlation**2

    return correlation, r_squared, p_value

# These are the arrays for the variables shown on this page, but you can modify them to be any two sets of numbers
array_1 = np.array([2230,2231,2230,2289,2311,2497,2260,2116,1976,1964,1703,1617,1477,1494,1502,1470,1546,1449,1375,1327,1400,1463,1512,1483,1353,1301,1257,1248,1336,1194,1159,1047,978,953,852,798,724,800,])
array_2 = np.array([1356.6,1453.1,1552.1,1610.8,1712.5,1619.4,1514.7,1442.8,1307.3,1153.9,1059.9,1114.8,1086.3,990.8,917.1,836.6,854.2,865.3,910.5,930.6,924.9,909.2,946,1038.3,1003.2,998.2,978.5,877.3,835,772.8,668.2,608.1,531.7,445.4,352.6,290.7,203.7,217.8,])
array_1_name = "Popularity of the first name Johnny"
array_2_name = "Burglaries in Georgia"

# Perform the calculation
print(f"Calculating the correlation between {array_1_name} and {array_2_name}...")
correlation, r_squared, p_value = calculate_correlation(array_1, array_2)

# Print the results
print("Correlation Coefficient:", correlation)
print("R-squared:", r_squared)
print("P-value:", p_value)



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